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Exam 4, MEIOSIS, Meiosis, MEIOSIS, Crosses, MUTATIONS - Coggle Diagram
Exam 4
Heredity
Independent assortment
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Metaphase I
Random orientation of bivalents
Metaphase II
Random orientation of sister chromatids
Crossing Over
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Prophase I
Sexual Reproduction
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Heterozygous
Advantagous
MENDELIAN GENETICS
Segregation
Independent assortment
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Dominance
Monohybrid cross
2 homozygous parents with different alleles.
1 trait
F1 = 100% Qq
F2 = 25/50/25
Dihybrid cross
2 True breeding homozygous parents
2 trait
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F1 = 100% TtRr
F2 = 1/2/1/2/4/2/1/2/1
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EXTENSION TO MENDEL'S PRINCIPLES
Incomplete dominance
phenotype of heterozygote is intermediate
Mutations
Point mutation
single nucleotide change
Chromosome mutation
Deletion
Segment of chromosome lost
Duplication
section doubles
Inversion
180 flip
Translocation
exchange of parts between 2 nonhomologous chromosome
Transposons
Jumping genes
No crossing over
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2 gametes rather than 4
Polygenic inheritence
Multiple genes for one character
Epistasis
One gene interacts with another
Linkage
4 haploid genotypes
Pleiotrophy
Single gene with multiple effects on phenotype
Polyploidy
Having more than 2 copies of a chromosome
Allopolyploid
Mismatch during mating
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Autopolyploid
self fertilization
POPULATION GENETICS
Gene pool
All alleles of every gene in a population
Allele frequency
number of copies of an allele / total number of alleles for that gene
Genotype frequency
No of individual with paticular genotype / total No of individuals
HARDY WEINBERG
Assumption
No Mutation
No genetic drift
No Migration
Random Mating
No Natural Selection
Predicts allele and genotype frequencies from population to population
P^2 + 2Pq +q^2 = 1
P^2 = PP
2Pq = Pq
q^2 = qq
P+q=1
P = dominant
q= recessive
Mutation
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source of all new allele
Genetic drift
Large population diminishe suddenly
Non random Mating
Some reproduce more than other due to phenotype
Migration
Immigration
Into population
Emmigration
Out of population
Natural selection
Population of advantagous alle grow overtime
Patterns of natural selection
Direction selection
Mean 0 is different from mean 1
Variation 0 equals variation 1
Stabilizing selection
Mean 0 = mean 1
Var 0 bigger than var 1
Disurptive selection
Mean 0 = mean 1
Var 0 smaller than var 1
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
Population demography
Population size = N
Exponential growth
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J shaped curve
Unlimited resources
dN/dt =rN
r>0 = grow
r<0 = decline
r=0 = no change
Logistical growth
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S Shaped curve
Self regulates and has carrying capacity
dN/dt = rN(1-N/K)
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N=K = no change
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N>K = population declines
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N<K = population grows
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r = intrinsic growth
N = popluation size
K= Carrying capacity
dN/dt = population change
dt = change in time
dN = change in population
Life History
Helps predict if a population will grow or shrink
Life history table
R0
Net productive rate
G
Mean generation time
r
Intrinsic growth rate
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Survivorship curves
1 - Die at old age
2- Constant chance of dying throughout life
3 - Die young
MEIOSIS
Meiosis
MEIOSIS
Crosses
MUTATIONS
