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Exam 4, Meiosis, Natural deaths contribute to Hardy Weinburg's…

- - - - Snapdragons
        
        The heterozygous mix of a white and red flower is a pink flower
      - Multiple Alleles
      - Mutations
        
        Deletion, Duplication, Translocation, Inversion, Transposons
  - - - homologs resemble each other in shape, size and trait
    - - During Metaphase 1&2 #
      - sister chromatids line up randomly
      - Possibilities are 2^n
    - - During Prophase 1
      - Mixes genes present in homologous chromosomes resulting in new combinations
    - - Cross Pollination vs Self Pollination #
      - New combo of alleles with each parent
      - Promotes heterozygosity
      - Advantages
        
        Genetic diversity
        
        Bet-hedging to changing environments
        
        Multiple deleterious alleles
        
        Escape parasite negative impacts, better defenses
  - - - Dominance
        
        Dominant and Recessive alleles
        
        In a heterozygous gene, the dominant overpowers the recessive and only the dominant is expressed
      - Segregation
        
        Alleles are segregated and separated during meiosis
        
        Monohybrid cross
      - Independent Assortment
        
        Genes that are not related segregate independently
        
        Height doesn't affect color
        
        Dihybrid cross
- - - - Allele and Genotype Relative frequencies
      - Frequencies in populations add up to 1
        
        p+q=1
        
        p^2+2pq+q^2=1
        
        p^2= RR, p= R, q^2= rr, q=r
      - Dependent Upon these conditions
        
        No new mutations
        
        changes in one nucleic acid
        
        apparent in some phenotypes
        
        source of all new alleles
        
        No genetic drift. The population is so large allele frequencies do not change due to random sampling effects
        
        Random loss of allels
        
        No migration
        
        Gene flow in and put
        
        No natural selection
        
        Artificial Selection
        
        Random mating
        
        Plants choose mate
- - - - J-shaped
      - Unlimited Resources
    - - S-shapes
      - Has a carrying capacity (K)
        
        Overshoot of K results in die off
      - self regulates
    - - r = intrinsic growth rate
        
        Relevant for r > 0
        
        N = population size
        
        K = carrying capacity
        
        dN/dt = population change over time
        
        Exponential growth
        
        dN over dt equals r times N
        
        Logistic growth
        
        dN over dt equals r times N times the quantity one minus N divided by K
    - - r-selected
        
        Grow exponentially
        
        Disturbed areas
        
        Weedy
        
        Annuals
        
        Little investment in defense
        
        Many, small fruits
        
        K-selected
        
        Fluctuate around carrying capacity
        
        Fairly stable habitats
        
        Perennials
        
        Invest in defenses
        
        Resource-intensive fruits
    - - Stress, Disturbance, 3 Life Stages
  - - - Facilitation (+/+)
        
        Benefits both
        
        Mutualism
        
        Pollination #
        
        Commensalism (0/+)
        
        Benefits one, neutral to the other
        
        Amensalism (0/-)
        
        Negative to one & neutral to other
        
        Competition (-/-)
        
        Both are negatively impacted
        
        Competition for resources
        
        Predation (+/-)
        
        Herbivory
        
        Parasitism
    - - cycling