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Organic Molecules and Macromolecules - Coggle Diagram
Organic Molecules and Macromolecules
Overview of Organic Molecules
Large, complex macromolecules
Carbon Atom
4 valence electrons → forms up to 4 bonds
Forms polar (water-soluble) and nonpolar bonds
Contain carbon, abundant in living organisms
Isomers
Structural Isomers: Same formula, different bonding
Stereoisomers: Same bonding, different spatial arrangement
Cis-Trans Isomers: Differ around double bond
Enantiomers: Mirror images
Formation of Macromolecules
Condensation (Dehydration) Reaction: Links monomers → releases wate
Hydrolysis: Breaks polymers → adds water
Types of Macromolecules
Lipids
Phospholipids: Amphipathic, form bilayers
Fats: Triglycerides (energy storage, cushioning)
Saturated: Single bonds, solid at room temperature
Unsaturated: Double bonds, liquid (cis/trans forms)
Steroids: Four-ring structure ( cholesterol)
Proteins
Building Blocks: Amino acids (20 types)
Structures
Secondary: α-helices, β-sheets
Tertiary: 3D folding
Primary: Amino acid sequence
Quaternary: Multiple polypeptides
Carbohydrates
Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides (sucrose)
Polysaccharides: Long chains (starch, cellulose)
Monosaccharides: Simple sugars ( glucose, ribose)
Nucleic Acids
Monomers: Nucleotides (phosphate, sugar, base)
Functions: Genetic information (DNA), protein synthesis (RNA)
Types: DNA and RNA
DNA vs. RNA
DNA
A, T, G, C
Double helix, 2 strands
Deoxyribose
One form
RNA
A, U, G, C
Single strand
Ribose
Several forms