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Ilm an-Nahw Section 2.5 and Sections 3.1-3.6 - Coggle Diagram
Ilm an-Nahw Section 2.5
and Sections 3.1-3.6
Types of Declinable Isms
منصرف
an ism which does not have 2 causes of declension, or 1 cause equivalent to 2
it accepts ALL harakat and tanween
غير منصرف
an ism which has 2 causes of declension, or 1 cause equivalent to 2
it does not accept a kesra and never gets a tanween
in a state of jarr, it will get a fatha
NOTE
: a ghayr munsarif ism will get a kasrah in the state of jarr in the following cases:
when
it
is mudhaf
when it has "al" before it
9 Causes That Prevent Declension
عَدْلٌ
When an ism gives up its old form and assumes a new one. There are 2 types.
'adlun tahqiqi - when an ism has an original form
'adlun taqdeeri - when it is assumed to have an original based on the usage of the Arabs
صِفَةٌ/وَصْفٌ
First type:
-Was originally devised to give a descriptive meaning
-on the pattern(wazn) of af'al
-does not accept taa for it's mu'annath
عَلَمٌ
When an ism is a proper noun
تَأْنِيثٌ
a feminine proper noun with one of the following characteristics
ends with a round ta
does not end with a round taa and has more than three letters
It is a non-Arabic three-letter word and the middle letter is sakin
All isms ending in an alif maqsoora or an alif mamdooda are feminine and their presence is
EQUIVALENT TO TWO REASONS
عُجْمَةٌ
a proper noun in a non-Arabic language and has either:
more than three letters
has three letters and the middle letter is mutaharrak
تَرْكِيْبٌ
When a word is a combination of two words; it must be a proper noun
ألِفٌ وَ نُونٌ زَاءِدَتَانِ
when an ism ends with an alif and a noon and one of the following is true:
the alif and noon appear at the end of a
proper noun
the alif and noon appear at the end of a sifatun whose feminine is not on the pattern(wazn) of f'alaanatun
NOTE
: when the alif and noon are not extra or added but a part of the letters of the original word, it will not be ghayr munsarif
وَزْنُ فِعْلِ
when a proper noun is on the wazn of
a
f'ilun
when a sifatun is on the wazn of af'al
جَمْعُ مُنْتَهى الجُمُوْعِ
a plural which has, after the alif of plural, one of the following:
2 mutaharrak letters
1 mushaddad letter
three letters, the middle letter being sakin
NOTE
: If any of the above words ends with a round taa, it will not be ghayr munsarif
EQUIVALENT TO TWO CAUSES/REASONS
Ismul Mansoob(Relative Adjective)
It is that ism which shows something
or someone to be related to it. ex. Meccan
To show this relation a mushaddad ya preceded by a kasrah is added at the end of the ism after affecting the following changes, if needed:
if a 3 or 4-letter ism ends with an alif maqsoora, the alif maqsoora is changed to a wow
NOTE
: in the case of a 5-letter ism,
the alif maqsoora is dropped
if an ism ends with an alif mamdooda,
then the hamza should be changed to a wow
an ism which already ends in a ya
does not require the ya al-nisbati
the round taa at the end of an ism should be dropped
the round taa and ya of an ism on the wazn of
fa'eelatun
or
fu'aylatun
should be dropped
an ism which appears on the wazn of
fa'eelun
and ends with a ya, the first ya should be changed to a wow preceded by a fatha, and the second ya should be dropped.
if the 4th letter is a ya preceded by a kesrah,
then the ya can be dropped or changed to a wow
If an original letter from the end of an ism was dropped, it should first be brought back, and then, the ism mansoob should be made
Some words do not follow any particular rule.
They are based on usage.
Ismul Tasgheer(Diminutive Isms)
It is an ism which is used to express the diminutive form of an ism. Sometimes, the purpose is to show affection or contempt.
Rules:
A three-letter ism would come on the wazn of
fu'aylun
or
fu'aylatun
for feminine
A four-letter ism would come on the wazn of
fu'ay'ilun
A five letter ism without a wow, alif, or ya as the fourth letter, would also come on the wazn of
fu'ay'ilun
. The 5th letter is dropped.
A five letter ism having a wow, alif, or ya as the fourth letter would come on the scale of
fu'ay'eelun
.
NOTES:
In the diminutive form, the hidden taa a mu'annathun samaa'iyyun becomes apparent. e.g. shamsun becomes shumaysatun
In the diminutive form, the last letter of an ism which has been dropped becomes apparent. e.g. ibnun (originally banwun) becomes bunayyun
Definite and Indefinite Isms
Nakirah
- denotes something unspecified
M'arifah
- denotes something specific.
There are seven types
Dhamir
- a personal pronoun
'
Alamun
- proper noun
3.
Ismul Isharati
- a demonstrative pronoun
Al-Ismul Mawsoolu
- a relative pronoun
Al-Mu'arrifu Bil-Laam
- an ism which has alif laam before it
A
nakirah
which is
mudaaf
to any of the above five definite isms.
Al-Munaadaa
- a vocative ism which appears after a harful nidaa'in
Masculine and Feminine Isms
Masculine Ism
- an ism which does not have any sign from amongst the signs of femininity
Feminine Ism
- which has a sign from amongst the signs of femininity.
This sign could be apparent or hidden
.
Signs:
Lafdheeyyun
- It is a sign which is visible in words.
There are 3 types
.
Taa Marbutah
Alif Maqsoora
Alif Mamdooda
Taqdeereeyyun(Assumed)
-It is a sign which is not visible in words and is assumed to exist. This is determined by looking at the diminutive form(tasgheerun) of a particular word.
Al Mu'annathul Qiyaasiyyun(According to Rule)
- a feminie ism which has a lafdhi sign of femininity
Al Mu'annathu As-Samaaiyyun(According to Usage)
- a feminine ism witth a taqdeeriyyun sign
Dhaatun(Essence)
Mu'annath Haqeeqi
- has an opposite masculine
Mu'annath Lafdhiyyun
- doesn not have an opposite masculine
Singular, Dual, and Plural
Wahid(Singular)
- an ism which denotes one of something.
Tathniyah(Dual)
- It is an ism which denotes two of something. It is formed by placing at the end of
a singular one of the following:
aani ending in raf'i state
ayni ending in a nasbi or jarri state
NOTE
: the noon is dropped in the case of idhafi
Jam'un(Plural)
- an ism which denotes more than two of something.
Types:
Al-Jam'u As-Saalim(Sound Plural)
- the plural whose letter sequence does not change when it's made plural
There are 2 types:
Masculine Sound Plural
add oona ending in raf'i state
add eena ending in nasbi and jarri state
Feminine Sound Plural
- made by discarding the round taa and adding one of the following:
adding aatun in raf'i state
adding aatin in nasbi and jarri state
Al-Jam'ul Mukassar(Broken Plural)
- one whose letter sequence breaks when it's made plural
Jam'u Qillatin(Restricted Plural)
- It is a plural which denotes a number from three to ten. It has
4 common patterns
af'ulun
af'aalun
af'ilatun
f'ilatun
NOTE
: The masculine and feminine sound plural, which is not preceded by an alif laam is also considered a jam'u qillatun
Jam'u Kathrati(Unrestricted Plural)
- It is a plural which denotes a number from three upwards.
NOTE
: The masculine and feminine sound plural which is preceded by an alif laam is also considered a jam'u kathrati
Jam'ul Jam'i(Plural of Plurals)
- the plural of a plural; not every plural has a plural
Muntahal Jumuu'
- a plural which has after
the alif of jama' one of the following:
2 mutaharrak letters
1 mushaddad letter
3 letters, the middle one being sakin
Ismul Jam'i(Collective Ism)
- a singular ism which conveys a plural meaning
NOTE:
these words have plurals
In usage, if the word is considered, it
will be used as a singular ism
If its meaning is considered (as is commonly done), it will be used as a plural ism
Ismul Jins(Generic Ism)
- refers to an entire category or class; generally its singular has a taa marbutah