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General features of cell - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Inside plasma membrane: Cytoplasm, nucleoid region (DNA), ribosomes.
      - outside plasma membrane: Cell wall, glycocalyx (protection, water retention), appendages (pili for attachment, flagella for movement)
  - - - Complex cells with membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
      - Variability in size, shape, and cell type
    - - Animal cells
      - plant cells
    - - Cytosol
        
        Function: metabolic activities
        
        Catabolism:break down of molecules into smaller components
        
        Anabolism:synthesis of cellular molecules and macromolecules
        
        Structure
        
        Cytoskeleton
        
        Microtubules
        
        Structure: long, hollow cylindrical structure
        
        Function: cell shape and movement, organelles organization, chromosomes sorting
        
        Intermediate filaments
        
        Structure
        
        Intermediate in size
        
        Twisted, rope like structure
        
        function: cell shape and strengthen
        
        Actin filaments
        
        Structure: long thin fibers
        
        function: muscle contraction, cell shape, movement, and strength
        
        Motor proteins
        
        Use ATP as a source of energy
        
        Structure
        
        Head
        
        Hinge
        
        Tail
        
        Movement
        
        Motor proteins carries cargo along the filament
        
        Motor protein remains in place, the filament moves
        
        Motor protein and filament both restrained ( action of the motor protein exerts a force that bends the filament )
      - Endomembrane system
        
        Endo plastic reticulum
        
        Rough ER: protein synthesis and sorting
        
        smooth ER: lipids synthesis, detoxification
        
        Golgi apparatus
        
        Structure: stack of flattened, membrane bounded compartments
        
        Function
        
        Secretion: packaging materials into vesicles to send outside the cell
        
        Processing: glycosylation of lipids and proteins, proteolysis of polypeptide before secretion
        
        Lysosomes( animal cells )
        
        Endocytosis:digestion of substances that are taken from outside the cell
        
        Autophagy: breaking down intracellular molecules and macromolecules to recycle their monomers
        
        Vacuoles
        
        Types
        
        Central vacuoles( plants ): stores water, enzymes, inorganic ions
        
        Contractile vacuoles( protists ): expelling excess water
        
        Food vacuoles( protists and white blood cells ): degrade macromolecules within food
        
        Peroxisome
        
        Formation: when vesicles bud from the ER they fuse to form pre mature peroxisome then it import proteins an lipids to develop into mature peroxisome
        
        function: catalyze reactions that break down toxic molecules
        
        Plasma membrane
        
        Function
        
        Cell adhesion through protein—protein interaction
        
        Membrane transport in and out of the cell with selective permeability
        
        Cell signaling using receptors
      - Semiautonomous organelles
        
        Mitochondria
        
        Generate ATP
        
        Involved in cellular molecule synthesis
        
        Contain their own DNA, divide by binary fission
        
        Chloroplast ( plants and algae)
        
        Perform photosynthesis
        
        Contain thylakoid membranes and their own DNA
        
        Contain their own DNA, divide by binary fission
      - Nucleus
        
        Double membrane
        
        Outer membrane is connected to ER membrane
        
        Pores provide passageways from and into the nucleus
        
        Nuclear matrix
        
        Structure: filamentous network of proteins
        
        Function: organize chromosomes