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MICROBIAL GENETICS - Coggle Diagram
MICROBIAL GENETICS
STRUCTURE & REPLICATION OF GENOMES: the entire genetic complement of an organism; included its genes and nucleotide sequences
structure of prokaryotic genomes: both bacterial/archaeal genomes consist of one or two chromosomes:
chromosomes: main portion of DNA, along with associated proteins & RNA, packaged in 1-2 chromosomes; typical chromosome is circular molecule in nucleoid
plasmids: small, circular molecules of DNA that replicate independently; carry info required for their own replication and often for 1 or more cellular traits; confers survival advantages
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structure of nucleic acids: nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides; nucleotide has a phosphate attached to a pentose sugar; sugar is attached to a nitrogenous base; 2 strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds
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DNA strands: oriented in opposite directions to each other; one runs 3' to 5', the other runs 5' to 3' direction
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DNA replication: cell separates the 2 original strands and uses each strand for template of new complementary strand; each daughter DNA molecule is composed on one original and one new strand
DNA helicase: unzips the double helix, breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs, to form a replication fork
synthesis of leading strand: synthesized toward replication fork, in 5' to 3' direction; synthesis is mediated by enyzmes that prime, join, proofread new nucleotides
synthesis of lagging strand: synthesized in a direction away from the replication fork; discontinuous in Okazaki fragments; always lag behind the process in the leading strand
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methylation: occurs in bacterial DNA replication; cell adds methyl group on 1-2 bases in nucleotide sequences; nucleotides play a role in initiating DNA replication & repair, or recognizing & protecting against viral DNA
GENE FUNCTION
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transfer of genetic information: DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is translated to form polypeptides
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relationship between genotype & phenotype: genotype is a set of genes in the genome; phenotype are physical features & functional traits of organism; genotype determines phenotype, however not all genes are active
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MUTATIONS OF GENES:
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identifying mutants, mutagens, & carcinogens: