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組織第七周 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Stratum granulosum
        
        • In thick skin – 1~3 layers
        • In thin skin - Only 1 layer
        
        • Flattened squamous cells
        
        • Membrane-bound lamellar bodies (EM) - water barrier
        
        • Keratohyalin granules - forms "free" accumulations - cystine-rich and histidine-rich proteins → filaggrin – tonofilaments
      - Stratum lucidum 無核
        
        • Thick skin only
        
        • Clear, translucent (refractile) layer
        
        • Disruption of nucleus and organelles
        
        • Keratinization (soft keratin)
        
        Granuloma
        
        eleidin
        
        keratin
      - Stratum spinosum
        
        Several cell layers – irregularly polygonal cells
        
        Spinous/prickle cells (mitotically inactive) – cytoplasmatic spine-like extensions
        
        Desmosomes (node of Bizzozero) :hamburger:
      - Stratum corneum~The protection of the body~
        
        • Flattened, desiccated horny cells –completely filled with tonofilaments
        
        • Thick plasma membrane
        
        • Looser appearance - shed horny cells
        
        若有核殘存，稱為角化不全(Parakeratosis)
      - Stratum basale
        
        cuboidal ~ low columnar cells rest on the
        basal lamina (EM)
        
        Stem cells (mitotically active) the renewal - about 3 to 4 weeks
        
        Extensive cell junctions
        
        desmosome :hamburger:
        
        hemidesmosome :one: /:two: :hamburger:
        
        Vitamin D production
        
        Melanin
        
        Melanocytes
        
        • Melanocytes - neural crests
        
        • Dendritic cells in stratum basale –epidermal-melanin unit
        
        • Only hemidesmosomes
        
        • Melanocyte/keratinocyte – 1/4 ~ 1/10
        
        • Melanin - Melanosomes
        
        Melanin protects the organism against
        damage effects of non-ionizing UV irradiation
        
        白化症(Albinism): 缺少tyrosinase
        
        • Melanoma
        
        • Skin repair
        
        Melanocytes → keratinocytes
        
        Premelanosome formation
        
        Tyrosine → 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)
        
        Synthesis of melanin
        
        2 more items...
        
        注意!!黑的都不是melanocyte，而是keratinocyte
        
        Merkel’s cells
        
        • Modified epithelial cells in the stratum basale
        
        • Desmosomes (tonofilaments) - keratinocytes
        
        • Lobed nucleus
        
        • 80nm dense-cored neurosecretory granules
        
        • Sensory perception (mechanoreceptor)
        
        • Merkel’s corpuscle (merkel cell-neurite complex)
        
        Langerhans cells
        
        • Bone marrow (CD34+ stem cells – mononuclear phagocytotic system)
        
        • Dendritic cells in the stratum spinosum
        
        • Antigen-presenting cells - immune reactions
        
        • Birbeck granules (tennis-racquet-shaped bodies)
        
        • Macrophages(MHC I and MHC II)
        
        • Complement C3b receptor – CD1a
        
        • Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., contact allergic dermatitis)
        
        • If they have come into contact with an antigen, they can migrate to
        regional lymph nodes, where they initiate an immune response.
        
        T-lymphocytes
        
        • Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
      - Keratinization
        
        Soft keratin
        
        Keratin(7-9nm intermediate filaments - tonofilaments) → tonofibrils
        
        Keratohyalin granules
        
        Lamellar bodies :green_apple: (內含membrane-coating granules~glycosphingolipids, phospholipids, and ceramides)
        
        water barrier
        
        Lipid envelope
        
        Ceramides –
        sphingolipids, cholesterol and free fatty acids
        
        Acylglucosylceramide 酰基葡萄糖基神經酰胺
        
        Cell envelope
        
        Small proline-rich (SPR) proteins
        
        Structure proteins
  - - - Reticular layer
        
        Dense and fewer cells irregular connective tissue
        
        Elastic fibers
        
        irregular network
        
        Thick type I collagen fibers
        
        • Neurovasculature
        
        • Lymphatics
        
        Predominant parallel direction is to the surface of the skin
        
        Main orientation follow the “regular lines of tension" (Langer’s lines) - surgical importance - a less apparent postoperative scar
        
        Erectile organs (areolae, penis, scrotum, and perineum)
        
        loose plexus of smooth muscles
      - Papillary layer:
        
        Dermal ridges – thick skin dermatoglyphics (fingerprint/footprint)
        
        Keratinocytes
        
        basal lamina
        
        Hemidesmosomes
        
        Intermediate filaments
        
        Focal adhesions
        
        Actin filaments
        
        Elastic fibres
        
        in both the papillary (fine fibres) and reticular (coarse fibres) layers
        
        irregular network
        
        Collagen fibers
        
        type I collagen fibers (~85%)
        
        type III collagen fibers (15%)
        
        type IV collagen fibers
        
        type VII collagen fibers
        
        Dermal papillae –epidermal (rete) ridges (rete pegs)
        
        Loose, cell-rich areolar connective tissue
        
        • Neurovasculature
        
        • Lymphatics
  - - - • Loose connective tissue
      - Thermoregulatory
      - Energy storage
      - Insulation
    - - • Small bundle of smooth muscles - connect the deep part of hair follicle with superficial dermis
      - • Goose flesh - the erection of hair and puckering of ski
    - - Striated muscles – facial expression muscles
  - - - Distribution –sex hormones (estrogen and estrogen-like hormone )
      - Invagination of the epidermis
      - Production and growth of a hair - eumelanin and phenomelanin
      - Hair follicles
        
        Segments:
        
        Infundibulum – pilosebaceous canal (sebum)
        
        Ismus – arrector pili muscle
        
        Inferior segment – bulb (dermal papilla)
        
        Conective tissue (Dermal) root sheath
        
        Internal root sheath
        
        • Cuticle – squamous cells
        
        Huxley’s layer – single or double layer of flattened cells
        
        • Henle’s layer – single layer of cuboidal cells
        
        External root sheath
        
        Glassy membrane– dense irregular connective tissue (arrector pili muscle)
      - hair
        
        Vellus hairs/Terminal hairs
        Anagen – catagen - telogen
        
        Bulb (dermal papilla)
        
        Matrix cells(Keratin-producing cells)
        
        germinative layer
        (growth of the hair)
        
        Melanocytes (melanosome - malanin)
        
        Keratinization zone (hard keratin)
        
        • Cortex (85%)
        
        cuboidal cells→ keratin-filled cells
        
        • Medulla
        
        – large vaculated cells
        
        • Cuticle (15%)
        
        squamous cells
    - - Outgrowths of the external root
        sheath of the hair follicle
      - Hairy skin – Oily or waxy matter (sebum)
        → the hair follicles
      - Pilosebaceous unit
      - Non-hairy skin
        
        – lips, oral surfaces and external genitalia
      - Simple and branched glands
        • The secretory portion - alveoli
      - Basal cells
        
        mitotically active
      - Secretory cells
        
        accumulate lipids and grow in size (sER)
      - Holocrine secretion
        
        (programmed cell death → apoptosis)
      - Duct
        
        Pilosebaceous canal → infundibulum of a hair follicle
      - Sebum secretion
        
        only limited antibacterial and antifungoid activity
    - - Two types
        
        Eccrine (Merocrine) sweat glands
        
        Entire body surface
        
        Simple coiled tubular glands
        
        Three cell types
        
        Dark cells
        
        mucin-like secretion
        (glycoprotein)
        
        Myoepithelial cells
        
        contractile (actin) filaments
        
        Clear cells
        
        watery (glycogen)
        
        Duct segment
        
        Excretory duct –stratified cuboidal epithelium
        
        Two layers
        
        Basal cell layer
        
        Luminal cell layer
        
        Glassy appearance
        (aggregation of tonofilaments)
        
        except: lips and external genitalia lips and external genitalia
        
        between the dermis and hypodermis
        
        Sweat (ultrafiltrate of blood)
        
        Resorption of sodium and water
        
        hypotonic watery solution
        (Sodium chloride, urea, uric acid, and ammonia)
        
        Duct segment
        
        coiled into a roughly spherical ball
        
        Apocrine(Apocrine) sweat glands
        
        Ceruminous glands and glands of Moll
        
        Axilla, areola, nipple, anus, and external genitalia
        
        Secretory segment
        
        between the dermis and hypodermis
        
        • Simple epithelium –
        cuboidal or columnar and myoepithelial cellsBleb-like protrusion
        • Wide lumen
        
        Regulation of body temperature
        
        Thermoregulatory sweating – cholinergic
        
        Emotional sweating – adrenergic
        
        Sympathetic of ANS
        
        Duct segment
        
        Excretory duct –stratified cuboidal epithelium
    - - root
        
        germinative zone (matrix)
      - beds
        
        stratum basale
        and stratum spinosum
      - Lunule
        
        crescent-shapd white area
        Partially keratinized matrix cells
      - plates
        
        plates of keratinized cells
        (hard keratin)
      - Eponychium (cuticle)
      - Hyponychium
    - - Sensory receptors
        
        Free nerve endings
        
        Epidermis
        
        • Lack of schwann cell investment
        
        觸熱冷
        
        • Terminate in the stratum granulosum
        
        Hair follicle
        
        Attach to outer root sheath
        
        • Mechanoreceptors – hair movement
        
        Encapsulated nerve endings
        
        • Meissner’s corpuscles
        
        Flattened Schwann cells
        
        irregular lamellae
        
        Tapered cylinders
        
        perpendicular to epidermis
        
        1 or 2 nonmyelinated endings of myelinated nerve fibers in spiral paths
        
        In the papillary layer of the hairless skin
        (the lips and palmar and plantar surfaces)
        
        觸
        
        responsive to low-frequency stimuli
        
        Ruffini’s corpuscles
        
        Elongated fusiform (1~2 um long)
        
        Thin connective tissue capsule → fluid-filled space
        
        Single myelinated nerve fiber
        
        a dense arborization of nerve endings (knob-like bulb) :bulb:
        
        In the reticular layer of the skin
        
        機械
        
        responsive to continuous mechanical stress
        
        • Pacinian corpuscles
        
        Large, ovoid structures (up to 1 mm in diameter) –Myelinated nerve endings surround by a capsule
        
        • Outer core – concentric onion-like lamellae (lymphlike fluid)
        
        • Inner core – flattened Schwann cell lamellae
        
        Each lamella is composed of Schwann cells and endoneurial fibroblasts
        
        Krause’s end bulb
      - • Motor nerve endings