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Toxicology 2 PW Red : toxicant and mechanism Orange : clinical signs …

- - - - Block adenosine receptors and I catecholamines (like adre or dopamine)
        
        Hyperactivity, seizures, hypertension, tremors, dehydration, etc
  - - - Vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, lethargy, etc. Kidney failure (dogs)
  - - - Emesis, diarrhea, lethargy → anuria, ataxia, dehydration, head pressing. Kidney failures (cats)
  - - - EG → CNS depression
        Glycolic acid → severe metabolic acidosis
        Oxalates → kidney failure
        
        Neuro and GI (ataxia, vomiting, seizures, PuPd) → metabolic acidosis (tachypnea, hypothermia, weakness) → acute kidney failure (oliguria, coma, hypocalcemia, azotemia)
  - - - Causes oxidative and cellular damages
        
        Hepatotoxicity in dogs
        Methemoglobinemia in cats
- - - - Fasciculation → swallowing pb → respi pb → cyanosis
        I T°, locomotor pb, awkward postures
  - - - SLUDGE signs, seizures, m stiffness, coma, lung edema
- - - - Muscle spasms → tetany → respi paralysis
  - - - Inhibitis aconitase → blocks Krebs cycle → D ATP prod, acc of citrate and acidosis
        
        Dogs, Cats → Primarily neurological signs (seizures dominate).
        
        Pigs and cats → mixed form
        
        Herbivores (Horses, Cattle) → Primarily cardiac signs (sudden collapse & heart failure).
  - - - Restelessness, coughing → forthy nasal discharge, cyanosis → severe hypoxia, metabolic acidosis → coma, death
  - - - Inhibits cytochrome c in mitochondria → no ATP prod + numerous damages (Na/K pumps, endothelial, Hg organs, acidosis
        
        GI disorders → dyspnea, cyanosis, cardiovasc collapse, coma, death, kidney failure
  - - - Lethargy, arrythmia, kidney failure, vomiting, osteoporosis, organs calcification, PuPd
  - - - Inhibit vit K epoxidase → vti K1 not activated → coag factors II, VII, IX, X not produced → uncontrolled bleeding
        
        Weakness, pale mucosa, hemorrhages, hypovolemic shock
  - - - Acute : CNS excitation, brain edema →coma, death
        
        Chronic : progressive hindlimb ataxia → paralysis → loss of bladder control → depression, lethargy, coma, death
- - - - Seizures, coma and death (all due to I ICP)
  - - - Hyperammonaemia → ruminal alkalosis and microbial imbalances
        
        → brain (easy to cross blood/brain barrier), mimics glutamate and depletes GABA → hyperexcitation of neurons
        
        Toxic to citric acid enzymes → blocks krebs cycle → D ATP prod and metabolic acidosis
        
        Tremors, convulsions, coma, bloating, abdo pain, arrythmias, dyspnea