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Science - Coggle Diagram

- - - - PCR
        
        Denaturation
        
        Annealing
        
        Extension
        
        TaQ Polymerase
        
        Thermocycler (automates)
      - Electrophoresis
        
        Gel
        
        Passed through gel matrix - different size/charge/makeup molecules separated into bands with known markers placed on the agar to help sort into a 'ladder'
        
        Capillary
        
        Passes through a capillary via capillary action between the DNA solution and another solution - electrical changes detected as bases pass to identify which base it is
        
        Free flow
        
        Passes over a flow cell that separates via flow - does not have a matrix
      - Sequencing
  - - - Human genome project
    - - NGS
    - - Helps find the nature of the crime
    - - Makrov-Chain Monte Carlo Algorithm, software, chemical tags, NGS to identify the different DNA strands within a mixture
  - - - 89.9% believe they should have control
      - 82.3% consider privacy significantly when taking a DNA test
- - - - Embryo splitting
        
        Blastocyst may be split apart to create two copies of a zygote
      - Somatic. cell nuclear transfer
        
        Amphibian
        
        Micropipette destroys cell wall and nuclear membrane
        
        Metaphase spindle removed, taking chromosomes out during the metaphase plate
        
        Nucleus of cell placed into the ovum
        
        Non-amphibian
        
        UV to destroy chromosomes
        
        Nucleus of somatic cell placed in cell without chromosomes
        
        Put blastocyst formed into surrogate uterus
    - - DNA is extracted via restriction enzymes
        
        DNA is, via recombination, combined with a plasmid (circular protein) and DNA ligase (draw the diagram)
        
        Plasmid is added to a bacteria, which is antibiotic resistant
        
        Antibiotic resistant bacteria form colonies where others don't on an antibiotic plate
  - - - Reproductive cloning
    - - Therapeutic cloning
    - - Genetic cloning
  - - - Effect: Utilisation of techniques such as trophoblast replacement help to allow mice to survive
    - - Editing of proteins via the usage of yeast protei nediting makes it cheaper to edit genes
    - - Usage of CRISPR gene editing to achieve desired traits
        
        Enabled editing e.g. editing of proteins in cats that enabled them to become hypoallergenic, can be utilised with cloning, or Jiankui He's research into HIV vaccines
    - - Replacement of trophoblasts, which are the cells surrounding the blastocyst, which can help with DNA demethylation (main cause of cell death in cloning) and can help to improve survival rates by preserving maternal gene implants - can help with bipatenral mice
    - - MCL 1 protein can be used to help hair
      - Heart muscles have been successfully impacted by stem cells
      - Tests on mice show 80% survival rate from embryonic stem cells compared to 40% after 4 weeks for traditional stem cells
    - - Up to 2 weeks fetuses without a uterus (in vitro)
- - - - The eggs are extracted via the usage of needles and an invasive procedure
        
        The eggs are frozen and prepared for IVF (in-vitro fertilisation)
        
        IVF - sperm and eggs araep laced on a glass plate (the in-vitro component) and therefore the sperm may fertilise an egg- typically used when infertility is on the side of the female or genetic donors exist)
        
        Zygots are forzen or left fresh and pre-implantation genetic testing (PGT) is done (typically NGS) to check for defects and time lapse imaging is used to determine the viability of the zygote)
        
        Zygotes have to be attach in the uterine living and then pregnancy as normal continues
        
        ICSI - ICSI refers to intracytoplasmic sperm injections (you can inject the sperm into the cytoplasm from the egg) via precision techniques (e.g. microfulidic technologies) and enables the egg to be fertilised with non-motile sperm)
        
        Sperm are harvested by needle