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individualistic theories - Coggle Diagram
individualistic theories
social learning
bandura's social learning theory
people learn by watching behaviours of others.
aggression can be learned from watching others
4 step learning process
arousal event
learned aggressive skills
expected rewards/success
pro-violence values
done through observational learning in 3 dif contexts
cultural symbols
prevalent subcultures
family
supporting research
bandura's bobo doll study
children exposed to 2 adult models
aggressive and non-aggressive
aggressive model
adults kicked/hit w mallet/ punched doll
children then put into a room after witnessing w/o adult
more likely to be aggressive
imitated the adult model's aggression
reinforcement
positive reinforcement
consequence for behaviour is pleasant
behaviour increases
negative reinforcement
behaviour avoids negative consequence
behvaiour decreases
vicarious reinforcement
reinforcement that is experienced through watching another person being rewarded/punished
EV
S
good control of variables
reliable
supporting research
credible
informed practical applications
useful
W
low ecological validity
unrealistic/ unapplicable
snapshot study
low in temporal validity
no research on long term impact
how are they in adulthood?
reductionist
bobo doll is unethical
they are children
informed consent from parents?
protection from harm?
impacts reputation + credibility of theory
psychodynamic
freud's theory of the psyche
tripartite of the psyche
3 parts
iceberg theory
conscious
pre-conscious
unconscious
psyche is determined in first 5 yrs
can be impacted by relationship between parent + child
behaviour of same sex parent is internalised when developing superego
allows for an understanding between moral and criminal behaviour
criminal behaviour = abnormal psyche
to develop superego, child must overcome oedipus/ electra complex
3 inaccessible parts of the brain that determine personality
ID
innate and works on pleasure principle
gratification and primitive desires
EGO
works on reality principle
delays gratification for more realistic goals
develops are 3 yrs old
recognises wants/ needs/ desires
SUPEREGO
responsible for moral/social constraints
ideal way of behaviour
balance between ID and EGO
constraints of the superego
achieved through desires of ID to be satisfied and accepted by SE
developed around 5 yrs old
3 types of superego
the weak superego
result of abnormal r/ships in family
can also be caused by absent same sex parent in first 5 yrs
causes few inhabitiations against anti social behaviour
gratifying ID without social restraint
likely to commit theft
can't internalise fully formed superego
the deviant superego
normal superego w/ deviant values
internalises same sex parent
acts as a moral regulator
punishes behaviour same sex parent would deem unacceptable
the strong superego
increases risk of offending
causes anxiety/guilt- punishes for desires
commits crimes to get caught
relieves guilt
prevents from acting on anti social impulses
builds up
leads to built up sexual/violent desires
violent crime
EV
S
applicable to real life scenarios
bowlbys 44 thieves
44 juveniles vs control group of non-crim
39% experienced complete separation from mothers for 6+ months
credible
practical applications
intervention from child services
prevent deviant superego
protect them in a better home
W
reductionist
need a more holistic approach
unscientific
freud has no evidence to prove the existence of ID/EGO/SE
how can we prove it causes crim if it is unconscious
reduces credibility
psychological
eysenck's criminal personality
personality traits cause criminality
these traits can be looked at as a hierarchy
highest order traits
extraversion
neuroticism
3rd dimension later added
psychoticism
innate
inherited structure
functioning of central nervous system (CNS)
criminal personalities
high in E
under aroused nervous system
seek excitement/thrill
don't learn from mistakes
theft is likely
high in N
anxious/ nervous/ unpredictable
obsessive
likely to be a stalker
high in P
cold/ insensitive
aggressive/ apathetic
lacks conscience
e.g premeditated murder
criminal personality is neurotic-extravert
also high in P
difficult to control immature impulses
criminal behaviour is developmentally immature
caused by socialisation processes
operant conditioning
child acts immature
child is punished
classical conditioning
child associates anti-social beh. w/ anxiety
non criminal children taught to delay gratification
EV
S
research support
real world applications
2070 male prisoners
high in E/N/P
credibility+ validity
useful applications
personality testing has formed modern personality tests
e.g psychometric tests
allows for interviews
W
relies on personality being stable/consistent
unrealistic
personality doesnt stablise till 27-30
personality changes depending on social circles
unreliable
validity issues
self report data low in validity
show social desirablity bias
demand characteristics
misused theory- less accurate results
androcentric
limited sample size
research support
eysenck+eysnck
2070 male prisoners
higher in E/N/P
compared to control group of 2422 males
real life example- charles manson