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Revision End of Year - Biology 2025 - Coggle Diagram
Revision End of Year - Biology 2025
Topic 1 - Organisation Cells and Microscopy
Cells are basic building blocks of all living organisms
A tissue is a group of cells
Organs are groups of tissue that have a specific function
Organ Systems are groups of organs that work together to make stuff happen
An organism is made up of Organ systems that help it live
Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic - they have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material (DNA) enclosed in a nucleus
Prokaryotic Cells
Much smaller then Eukaryotic
They have cytoplasm and a cell surrounded by a cell wall
The DNA is not enclosed in the nucleas
Sub-cellular Structures
In all cells
A nucleus that controls the cell
Cytoplasm is where the reactions take place
Cell membrane controls what comes in or out of the cell
Mitochondria is where aerobic respiration takes place
Ribosomes store and use proteins
Also in plant cells
Chloroplasts absorb light to make food by photosynthesis
A vacuole filled with cell sap, which supports the cell
A cell wall made of cellulose to strengthen the cell
Specialised Cells
What is it?
Specialised cells are cells designed to carry out a particular role in the body, such as red blood cells which are designed to carry oxygen.
Different specialised cells
Plant Specialised Cells
Xylem Cells - Transports water and minerals from the roots up the plant stem and into the leaves
Phloem Cells - Moves food substances that the plant has produced by photosynthesis
Root Hair cells - Absorb water and minerals from soil by osmosis
Animal Specialised Cells
Sperm Cells - Fertilise an egg cell to pass on your DNA
Muscle Cells - Responsible for practically all movements that are under voluntary control
Nerve Cells - Receives and sends messages from the body to the brain and back to the body
Microscopy
Calculations involving magnification
Magnification = size of image / size of real object
Rearrange the equation to calculate image size or magnification
Values
Milli - mm
Micro - µm
Centi - cm
Nano - nm
From cm to mm = x10
From mm to µm = x1000
From µm to nm = x1000
Express answers in standard form if appropriate
REQUIRED PRACTICAL 1 - Using a microscope to observe and draw cells
How to produce a slide
Peel away or cut a very thin layer of cells to go on the slide
Gently place a cover slip on top and press down to remove any air bubbles
Place the slide onto the stage of the microscope
How to focus a microscope
Start by rotating the objective lens to lowest power.
Place a slide on the stage, label side up, with the coverslip centered.
Use the coarse focus knob to get the object into focus.
If you cannot see anything, move the slide slightly while viewing and focusing.
Things to remember when drawing scientificly
Use a pencil
Try fill the page
Solid lines - not feathery sketch lines
Don't shade
Use a ruler for label lines
Don't overlap label lines
Include magnification and title on your drawing
An electron microscope has much higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope. This means that it can be used to study cells in much finer detail. This has enabled biologists to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures.
Topic 2 - Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Takes place in Mitochondria
It is respiration in cells to transfer energy with oxygen
Equation for Aerobic Respiration...
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy release
C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + Energy Release
Anaerobic Respiration
Why do they need energy?
Movement
Keeping warm
Chemical reactions to build larger molecules
Topic 3 - Transport in Cells
Topic 4 - Digestive System