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Human Microbiome - Coggle Diagram
Human Microbiome
Oral Cavity
Nutrient-rich, complex habitat, Saliva has antimicrobial enzymes, Biofilms form on enamel
Early colonizers: S. sanguinis, S. gordonii
Pathogenic biofilm: S. mutans produces glucan → facilitates binding by late colonizers, Produces acid → enamel breakdown → dental caries
Other organisms: Lactobacillus, Veillonella
Gastrointestinal Tract
Colonization begins at birth, Functions: Digestion, nutrient absorption, synthesis of nutrients, ~10¹³ microbial cells, Major phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria
Stomach: Acidic pH ~2 limits colonization, Common: Helicobacter pylori, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria
Large Intestine: Anaerobic, in vivo fermentation vessel, Microbiota in both lumen and mucosa, Products: Vitamins (B12, K), gases, odors, acids (acetic, propionic, butyric), enzymes (β-glucuronidase), steroid metabolites
Diseases
Dental Caries: S. mutans major cause, biofilm + acid = enamel destruction
Periodontitis: Linked to systemic diseases (cardiovascular, arthritis)
Obesity: Linked to gut phylotype balance (Firmicutes vs. Bacteroidetes)
Microbiome
Microbial community in a defined habitat with specific functions and interactions
Microbiota
All living members (bacteria, archaea, fungi)
Site-Specific Microbiomes
Microbial communities differ by body site due to unique physio-chemical environments.
Bioactive Metabolites
Produced compounds influence host immunity, neurotransmission, metabolism, Ex: Indolepropionic acid (antioxidant), Tryptamine (neurotransmitter), Propionic acid (immunomodulatory)
Non-living entities (viruses, plasmids, prions, free DNA) are not microbiota but are part of the microbiome.