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Alternation, fused lobes, Endosperm, calyx, **sepals AND petals = perianth…

- - - - outermost appendage
      - protects the baby flower bud
      - all sepals = calyx
      - can be colorful
    - - attract pollinators
      - leaf-like but more pigments
      - all petals = corolla
      - above sepals
    - - above petals
      - make up the androecium
      - 2 parts: anther + filament
        
        anther cells = microsporocytes —> makes microspores
      - contain microgametophyte (pollen grains)
    - - make up the gynoecium
      - megasporophyll
      - contains ovary wall, where ovary is. where megaspores are made
      - after fertilization of the egg, the ovule becomes seeds
      - whorl positions
        
        Superior
        
        carpel is above
        
        Inferior
        
        carpel is below
        
        carpel is surrounded by receptacle
      - perianth & stamen positions
      - Hypogynous
        
        on receptacle (eg: lilies)
      - Epigynous
        
        on top of ovary (eg: apple flower)
      - Perigynous
        
        joined to calyx (eg. cherry flower)
    - - NOT hermaphroditic
      - Monoecious (male and female on same plant)
      - Dioecious (male and female on different plant)
        
        androecious (female) gynoecious (male)
- - - - monocot
      - eudicot
    - - 360 mya
      - had 4-5 fused lobes
  - - - had lobate integuments
        
        these integuments were free from nucellus/megasporangium
      - eg: Moresnetia zalessyki
        
        had 8-10 fused lobes #
        
        360 mya
    - - nucellus became completely enclosed by integument
        
        for protection, dessicstion, and herbivory
      - eg: Stamnostoma huttonse & Gnetopsiselliptica
    - - came from SHOOT apex
      - in fact, the nucellus of gymnosperms has similar genes as shoot apex
    - - heterosporous
      - integuments
      - pollen chamber & micropyle
      - nucellus
  - - - homospory —>
        
        heterospory—>
        
        megaspore reduction (1)
        endospory reduction —>
        
        sporangium is covered by integuments (extra protection)
        
        1st integument: telome
        
        2nd integument: phyllad origin
        
        megasporangium apex is also formed
        
        pollen chamber
        
        micropyle
        
        megaspores AND microspores
        
        megasporocyte makes 4 megaspores but only one makes it
        
        becomes megagametophyte, and egg develops inside
  - - - pollen grain (microgametophyte) no longer needs water
        
        mature pollen grains develop haustoria tubes
        
        get nutrients from nucellus for developing sperm in gymnosperms
        
        they do this until successful fertilization
        
        or nutrients from style in angiosperms
        
        angiosperm specifically is 3-celled
        
        immature has 1 generative cell, 1 tube cell, and 1tube nucleus
        
        after mitosis, the mature form has 2 sperm cells and 1 pollen tube
        
        tubes are directed by synergids to:
      - air bladders help transport via wind
  - - - layers from inside to outside:
      - egg
      - archegonium
      - megagametophyte
      - megaspore wall
      - megasporangium // nucellus
      - integument
        
        integument becomes seed coat
        
        some have aril, a fleshy outer coat
  - - - pollen tube grows within style & ruptures to release sperm
      - 1 sperm fuses w 1 egg to make diploid zygote
      - AND 1 sperm fuses with 2 polar nuclei to make triploid endosperm!
        
        Monocot vs Eudicot Angiosperm seeds
        
        monocot
        
        eudicot
        
        TWO cotyledons
        
        bean
        
        ONE cotyledon = scutelllum
        
        both have a lot of endosperm & integument becomes seed coat
        
        corn
    - - layers from inside to outside:
      - egg apparatus & antipodals
        
        1 egg, 2 synergids, 2 polar nuclei, 3 antipodals (8 total)
        
        2 polar nuclei become endosperm #
        
        2 synergids guide pollen tube
        
        3 antipodals are for nutrients
        
        1 egg is fertilized and becomes zygote
      - nucellus
      - integuments
      - furniculum attached to nucellus
- - - - have temporary diploid sporophyte, sperm need water to fertilize eggs
  - - - microgametophyte does not need water for sperm anymore
        
        pollen #
      - megagametophyte is protected by integument
        
        egg within an ovule, multiple layers of protection
      - sporophyte is LARGE & diploid
      - gametophyte is microscopic
      - microstrobilli are SMALL male cones surrounded my microsporangium
      - megastrobilli are BIG female cones surrounded by megasporangium
    - - microgametophyte
        
        multicellular & haploid
        
        Pollen grain
        
        goes from immature to mature (with pollen tube)
      - megagametophyte
        
        multicellular & haploid
        
        undergoes 3 mitosis cycles to form 8 nuclei
        
        1 of them being the egg
        
        2 being synergids
        
        2 being polar nuclei (can fuse)
        
        3 being antipodals
  - - - heterosporous (different spore sizes, micro and mega sporophytes)
      - maintain flagella in sperm
      - gametophytes are small with male and female within spore wall
      - sporophytes are heterosporous, only ONE mega sporophyte per megasporangium
  - - - micro and mega gametophytes (antheridium and archegonium)
      - sporophyte is LARGE & diploid
        
        called sori (sporangia or indusia)