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reform to constitution since 1998 - Coggle Diagram
reform to constitution since 1998
house of lords reform
House of lords act 1999:
extended the number of life peers ( first introduced in 1958, meaning experts in the HoL )
the house of lords has become more willing to change the government
removed all but
92
hereditary peers from the house of lords
Constitutional reform act 2005
creates a separate supreme court for the UK, removing this role from the Law Lords in the House of Lords
gives power to an unelected and unaccountable branch of government that has directly challenged the government
THE SUPREME COURT replaced the house of lords Judicial function and it opened in 2009
Judicial appointment comission formed and therefore the government can not interviene in the appointment of judges
Lord chancellor replaced by a non political lord chief justice
E petitions
introduced in 2009**
hereditary peers still remain, which is arguably the most un democratic aspect of the house. However, all members are unelected. the reforms extended the power of the prime minister over who sits in the house of lords
2000 -
House Of Lords Appointment Committee
(HOLAC) was set up to make the house of lords a professional body
for example the appointment of LORD EVANS former head of M15
However appointments have not always been fair, for example Boris Johnson 2022 elected Charlotte Owens first under 30 member of the HoL, He alsoelected Lord Leberdev (Russian Oligarch)
2014
life peers can be removed or resign if not attended,
2022
146 retired and 8 were removed ,
2024
Sir Keir Starmer pledged to removed all hereditory peers + introduce and age limit*
Boris Johnson elected
42
conservative lords, Cameron
110
, Tony Blair
162
and Sunak
32
DECENTRALISATION, DEMOCRATISATION, TRANSPARENCY, RIGHT'S PROTECTION
Devolution
:
Scotland act 1998
established Scottish Parliament at Holyrood with primary legistlative power and limited tax - varying power
did not quell nationalism in Scotland, in fact the creation of a Scottish Parliament, increased support of the SMP lead to an
independence referendum in 2014
- Created asymmetrical devolution between Scotland and Wales
Scottish Devolution
74% voted in favour of devolution. 44.7% of Scotland voted in favour of independence during the referendum in 2014, and therefore the
Scotland act 2016
added new areas for legal responsibility and power for example
regulation over the energy industry
In recent years the
SNP
has struggled with internal divisions. having
lost 39 seats
and went from
48
to just
9
and in Scottish
Holyrood
69/129
Scottish parliaments executive powers can only be abolished by a referendum, UK parliament cant abolish Scottish one through an act of parliament
1st to
ban smoking in public 2006
, has
voting 16
,
free university
, and
medical prescription free
nearly at
Devo Max
**smith Commission recommendation Scotland act 2016. More power Devolved
Welsh Devolution
Government of
Wales Act 1998
established the Senedd in Wales, the Sennedd would be elected using the additional Members System
Welsh Devolution was in far less demand than Scottish devolution, unconvincing referendum result
51% in favour with only 50% voter turn out
It was initially given no
primary legislative powers
. However following the
Welsh referendum 2011
only
35%
turn out this changed and the Assembly developed into a much stronger body.
The
Senedd Crymru
has legistlative powers in 20 areas including health and public transport
since its creation the Senedd has been dominated by the Labour party in contrast to
Scotland
, the lack of support for Plaid Crymu reflects the weak independence movement in Wales
wales act 2014
power given to change income tax 10p to £1.
Welsh Senadd formed 2020
2011
opt out Organ donor and
10p
bags
Northern Ireland
the complex nature of Northern Irish politics led to the creation of a Coalition government,where the two sides of the government cooperated in a
power sharing agreement
,
This was agreed in the
good Friday agreement
the Irish assembly was to use the voting system
STV,
proportional-ranked choice voting is a multi-winner electoral system in which each voter casts a single vote in the form of a ranked ballot.
Devolution of social things.
human trafficing - 2015
,
houses of multiple residence act
Devolution slower
2002-2007
suspended
2017-2020
suspended
2017
Martin Mcguiness resigned and Foster also had to resign
NI brexit 2020 complex with the free movement and the
EU
English devolution
in
1998
there was a referendum for London Mayor. In
2000
local government act
However All elections for elected local mayors have face
very low turn out
Andy street
voted with only
31%
,
Andy Burnham
voted with
39%
,
Sadiq Kann
with
42%
84%
of the population did not want devolved power
they have control over
transport
,
housing
and
health and social care
Greater Manchester Mayor
spent £6 Billion on the health and social care budget
Burnham Buses
In
may 2022
Bristol
Abolished elected Mayor, 59%-41% with turn out of only 21%
WEST LOATHIAN QUESTION 2015
despite low demands it is true as seen in the
Barnett formula
that England is under represented due to devolution
EVEL
English votes for English laws until 2020, was supposed to address the
west Loathian question
however was scrapped by Boris Johnson for the perseption it created
two teirs of MP's
and it was also difficult to define what purely only effected England
the human rights act 1998
Encorporating
ECHR
into
UK
law came into force 2000
Lord hope
used HRA to reverse the ruling the
2 gay people
didnt have the right to
asylum
2010
Mckinon aspergers
2012 defended by Theresa May refused application for him to go to
US jail
for searching about
UFO's
on the grounds that it affected his human rights
HOWEVER the government can ignore
ECHR
Article 5 could keep terrorists indefinitely without charge
The government has ignored votes for
prisoners
HRA
ruled the
the Bell March case
was wrong treating, treating non English people differentl. However the government released them due to public pressure however
2005
prevention of terrorism act
meant that they could do it anyway
Human Rights Act 1998
enchrined the
European Convention on Human Rights
into UK law , protecting rights in the UK. Allows neutral and independent Judges to defend Human Rights, rather than being dependant one the ideology of the government in power
However
it is only an act of Parliament and therefore can be overturned by another act of Parliament, therefore
not adequately
protecting rights. GIves too much power to Unelected Judges
electoral reform
new voting systems
for devolved institutions
AMS
Scotland and Wales + London Assembly , Northern Ireland
STV
,
SV
for mayors
Fixed term Parliament act 2011
, election every 5 years. Loss of confidence needs a (2/3) majority
this act was repealed in
2022
However during the time it ensured stability for a
Coalition government
which was an uncommon political situation for the UK
2010 Nick Clegg referendum
to change the voting system to favour minor parties,
unsuccessful
42% percent turn out
MPS
Recall of MP's Act 2015
Chris Dawes Expenses Scandal
19% voted for him to be recalled in 2019
giving back bench mp's more influence
the
Wright reforms
gave the backbench committee more control over debates. membership of select committess no longer done by the whips and instead secret ballots.