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topic 5~ health & diseases: biology by taiya jerome - Coggle Diagram
topic 5~ health & diseases: biology by taiya jerome
health & diseases:
Health is a sate of physical and mental well-being, it is affected by factors such as diet, stress and lifestyle.
Types of disease: communicable disease( can spread) and non- communicable( cannot spread
communicable diseases:
caused by pathogens(bacteria,viruse,fungi, parasites)
Examples: bacteria – (tuberculosis(TB) salmonella), viruses – (flu,covid-19,HIV) , fungi – athlete's foot, rose black spot(plants), protists – malaria.
How they spread: airborne(coughs, sneezes), waterborne (contaminated water), direct contact. Vectors( carriers like mosquitoes
non- communicable diseases
Caused by lifestyle, environment, or genetics
Examples: cancer – uncontrolled cell growth, heart disease – linked to high cholesterol and smoking, diabetes – affects blood sugar control or your body does not produce enough insulin
cardiovascular diseases:
Cardiovascular disease is a group of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. It includes diseases like Conary heart disease and stroke
Treatments: lifestyle changes(heathy diet ,exerise, stop smoking), medical treatments(statins-reduces cholesterol levels slowing done fatty deposit build up, or anticoagulants – reduce blood clots formation by taking blood thinners to reduce blood clots) and finally surgical treatment( stents – metal tubes inserted into the arteries to keep them open, bypass surgery – using blood vessels from other parts of the body to bypass blocked arteries and heart transplants – for sever cases)
antibiotics: An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the ones which cause the common cold or influenza.[
pathogens
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease. Hey can infect humans,animals,plants,
The four main pathogens are: bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists
Pathogens spread through: airborne, water born, direct contact and vectors
Things that prevent this would be: good hygiene, vaccination, isolation, destroying vectors an d cooking food properly and for the sexual transmitted disease you should us contraception.
Physical and chemical barriers:
Physical barriers(stop pathogens rom entering): skin if cuted the scab forms to seal the wound, hairs and mucus in the nose – traps dust and pathogens before they enter the lungs, cilia in the airways – tiny hair like structures that move mucus(that contain pathogens) out of the lungs.
Chemical barriers(kill pathogens): stomach acid – destroys the bacteria in swallowed food or drink, tears – break sown bacteria to stop eye infections, saliva – contains antibacterial substances to kil bacteria in food.
The immune system:
The immune system is the body's defence mechanism against pathogens such as bacteria viruses and fungi.
First line of defence(non-specific barriers): these prevent pathogens from entering the body; skin- acts as a physical barrier, mucus and cilia – found in the nose, trachea and bronchi; traps and removes pathogens, stomach acid – kills bacteria in food.
Second line of defence(white blood cells- phagocytosis): phagocytosis(a type of white blood cell)- engulf and digest pathogens, this is a non spefic response meaning it attacks any foreign substances.
Third line of defence( specific imune response): lymphoctyes(another type of white blood cell) produce antibodies – bind to pathogens and destroys them, antibodies – nuetralize toxins realised by the bacteria
Vaccinations: involves injectiong a weakened or dead form of a pathogen.the imune sytem produces antibodies. If exposed to the real pathogen in teh future teh imune response is quicker
The role of teh memory cells – after the infection teh menory cell will remain in teh body, if teh same pathogen invades again, the imune system responds faster and stronger.
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Antibodies:
Antibodies are protien produced by the white blood cells called lymphocytes. They play a crucial role in the spefic imune response, helping the boody fight infections.
recognition – when a pathogens enter the body it has unique molecules on the surface called antigens;
antibodies prduction – lymphocytes recongise these antigens and produce spefic antibodies that fit them perfectly;
bindning and destruction – antibodies attach to teh antigens Leading to:
Neutralization – blocking the pathogen from infecting cells
Agglutination – clumping pathogens together for easier removel
Phagocytosis enhancement – marking pathogens for destruction by phagoctyes