2. Foods to be avoided during pregnancy
Foods to Avoid During Pregnancy
Pregnant women should avoid foods with a high risk of foodborne illness, including raw eggs, undercooked meat, unpasteurized dairy, whipped ice cream, and unwashed fruits/vegetables. Also, avoid liver and high-vitamin A foods, peanuts (if allergic concerns exist), and non-pregnancy-specific supplements.
Nutrition-Related Concerns
Teratogens
These are agents that cause birth defects or delayed development (e.g., NTDs, cleft palate, learning disorders). Alcohol, smoking, and drugs are known teratogens. Caffeine (>300 mg/day) may increase miscarriage and low birth weight (LBW) risk.
Smoking
Smoking increases risks of premature birth, LBW (200g smaller on average), stillbirth, placental issues, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Long-term effects may include impaired cognitive function and behavioral problems.
Alcohol
Alcohol is a teratogen with no safe consumption level. It reduces oxygen delivery, slows cell division, and disrupts placental nutrient transport. Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) causes birth defects, learning difficulties, and behavioral issues. Symptoms include hyperactivity, poor concentration, and memory deficits.
Drug Use
Drugs like marijuana, cocaine, and heroin increase risks of miscarriage, premature birth, intrauterine growth retardation, and neonatal withdrawal. Cocaine and heroin also reduce appetite, leading to poor maternal nutrition.
Medications & Herbal Remedies
Pregnant women should only take medications prescribed by a doctor, as some acne treatments and antiepileptic drugs are teratogenic. Herbal remedies are often untested and not necessarily safe.