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Extra points biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Connects the CNS to limbs and organs.
      - Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements.
      - Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and dige
- - - - Stomach: Secretes acid and enzymes to break down food.
      - Large Intestine: Absorbs water and forms solid waste.
      - Mouth: Starts digestion by chewing and mixing food with saliva.
      - Esophagus: Transports food to the stomach using peristalsis.
      - Small Intestine: Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.
      - Rectum & Anus: Store and eliminate waste.
- - - - Bladder: A muscular sac that stores urine until it's excreted.
      - Ureters: Thin tubes that carry urine from kidneys to the bladder.
      - Urethra: A tube that releases urine from the bladder to the outside.
      - Kidneys: Filter blood, remove waste, balance electrolytes, and produce hormones.
      - Functions
        
        Filtration: Kidneys filter about 50 gallons of blood daily.
        
        Water & Electrolyte Balance Regulates sodium, potassium, and calcium.
        
        Waste Removal: Excretes urea, creatinine, and toxins.
        
        Blood Pressure Control: Produces renin, which helps regulate pressure.
        
        Red Blood Cell Production: Releases erythropoietin, stimulating bone marrow.
    - - Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Burning sensation, frequent urination, cloudy urine.
      - Incontinence: Involuntary urine leakage (more common in women and elderly).
      - Kidney Stones: Sharp pain, nausea, difficulty urinating.
      - Interstitial Cystitis: Chronic bladder pain without infection.
- - - - Oxygen Intake: Supplies oxygen to the body.
      - Speech Production: Larynx helps produce sound.
      - Gas Exchange: Occurs in alveoli through diffusion.
      - Carbon Dioxide Removal: Eliminates waste gas.
      - Disorders
        
        Pneumonia: Infection that inflames air sacs in the lungs.
        
        Lung Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissue.
        
        Asthma: Inflammation and narrowing of airways.
- - - - Heart: Pumps blood throughout the body.
        Blood Vessels: Network of tubes that transport blood.
      - Arteries: Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.
      - Veins: Carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.
      - Capillaries: Tiny vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occur.
      - Blood: Carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste.
        
        Plasma: Liquid part that carries cells and nutrients.
        
        Platelets: Help with blood clotting.
        
        White Blood Cells: Defend against infections.
        
        Red Blood Cells: Transport oxygen using hemoglobin.
      - Functions
        
        Oxygen Transport: Delivers oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide.
        
        Nutrient Distribution: Supplies cells with essential nutrients.
        
        Temperature Regulation: Helps maintain body temperature.
        
        Waste Removal: Carries metabolic waste to kidneys and lungs.
      - Dissorders
        
        Anemia: Low red blood cell or hemoglobin levels.
        
        Heart Attack: Blockage in coronary arteries cutting off heart oxygen supply.
        
        Atherosclerosis: Buildup of plaque in arteries, reducing blood flow.
        
        Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Increased force of blood against artery walls.