Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female), Methods and…
Major functions of the Reproductive system (male and female)
1) Forms specialized cells for sexual reproduction called gametes
sperm-gametes in males
ova(eggs)- gamete in female
2) Bring gametes male & female together through sexual intercourse
3) Combine genetic info contained within gametes through fertilization
Zygote- is formed when sperm & egg fose
zygote- is first cell of new individual & all body cells arise from it
4) support development of fetus (gestation ) and birth of body ( parutation )
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
Coitus interrupts: withdrawl of penis from vagina before ejaculation.
Rhythm Method: absence from sexual intercourse around time of ovulation
Mechanical Barriers: prevent sperm from entering vagina during sexual intercourse, EX: condums
Chemical Barriers: contain spermicides are more effective when used with condum. EX: creams
Combined hormone contraceptives: contain estrogen and progesterone to prevent pregnancy. EX: chemical ring or patch oral
Inject able contraception: injection of progesterone derivative prevents follicle maturation and ovulation.
Intrauterine Devices: Objects impacted in the uterus EX:
Sterilization: Surgical methods of permanently preventing pregnant. EX: Vasectomy
Hormones of the reproductive system (male and female)
Estrogen
Promote oogenesis & follicle growth in ovary
Exert anabolic effect on female reproductive tract
Supported rapid short-lived growth spurt at pubery
Induce secondary sex Characteristics
Growth breats
widening of peliv
His and breasts increase
Progesterone
works with estrogen establish and regulate Uterine cycle
Promotes changes in cervical mucus
Effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy
Inhibits Uterine motility
Help prepare breasts for lactation
Testosterone
prompt spermatogenesis & targets all accessory organs
has multiple anabolic effects
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone
LH prods other cells to produce androgens, which converts to estrogens
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles.
FSH stimulates cells to release estrogen
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Testes
sperm-producing male gonads that lie within the scromtum
sperm is delivered to body through system of ducts
Site of sperm production
Sercotum
Sac of skin & Superficial fascia
lowers temperature necessary for sperm production
Ducts deferns & Ejaculatory duct
Passes through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity
Joints duct of seminal vesicle to form Ejaculatory duct
smooth muscle in walls propel sperm from epididymis to uretha
Penis
Male copulatory organ
consist of root and shaft
Disorders associated with the reproductive system (including STI’s)
Bacterial and Parasitic Transmitted Infection
Trichomoiasis
parasite infection that is more common in women than men
easily & inexpensively treated
Chlamydia
most common bacterial
Can be contracted from birth canal by newborn
Symptoms: urethritis, penile & vaginal discharge, abdominal, rectal & testicular pain
Gonorrhea
bacterial infection of mucoase of reproductive & urinary tract
Caused by neisseria gonorrhea
Treatment: Antibotics
syphilis
bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenality
Treatment: Peniclinin
Caused by treponema palidum
Viral STD
HPV
Cause of Genitial warts
Most cases end in cervical cancer
Can also be cause of some penile, anal and oropharyngeal caner
Genital Herpes
Caused by herpes simplex virus
Can be passed to fetus
Most difficult pathogen to control because most don't know they are infected.
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Ovaries
Produce female gametes (ova)
Secrete female sex hormones,estrogen (Esteodiol, estrone, estruil and progesterone )
Ovarian follicles
: tiny sac-like structure embedded in cortex
Has contains
immature egg (oocyte)
Each month a ripened follicle ejects oocyte in even called ovulation
Female duct system
Utrerus
Receive, retain and nourish fertilization ovum
3 layer: Perimetrium (outermost layer), Myometrum (Bulky Middle Layer), Endoometrium (innermost)
Endometrium: fertilized egg borrows into endometrium and resides there during development
The Vagina
Birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow & organ of copulation
The Uterine Tubes
Receive ovulated oocyte & are usual site of ferilization
during ovulation, Uterine tube captures oocyte
External Genitial
Female Perineum
Diamond shaped region between pubic and coccyx
Mammary Glanda
present in both female and male but only function for female
milk production to nourish newborn
Events of the female hormonal cycles
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
During follicular pase, several vesicular (antral) follicles become sensitive to FSH and are stimulated to grow
One dominant follicle becomes especially sensitive to FSH
FSH levels drop around middle of follicular phase
– Dominant follicle outcompetes other follicles and is only one to continue on
– Other non-dominant follicles will undergo atresia
Primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte and first polar body
Ovulation
in-between Follicular and Luteal phase
Ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte with its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
Luteal Phase
After ovulation, ruptured follicle collapses, and antrum fills with clotted blood
Remaining cells form corpus luteum
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen
if no pregnancy occurs, corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans (scar) in 10 days
– last 2–3 days of luteal phase, when endometrium begins to erode
Menstrual Cycle
Day 6-14 (Preovulatory phase)
Rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer
As layer thickens, glands enlarge, and spiral arteries increase in number
Estrogen also increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
Thins out normally thick, sticky cervical mucus to facilitate sperm passage
ovulation occurs at end of proliferative phase on day 14
Days 15–28: secretory (postovulatory) phas
Most consistent in duration
Endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
If fertilization does not occur
Corpus luteum degenerates toward end of secretory phase; progesterone levels fall
Endometrial cells die, and glands regress
Blood vessels fragment, and functional layer sloughs off and uterine cycle starts all over again on first day of menstruation
Day 1-5 (Menstrual phase)
Ovarian hormones are at Lowest levels
Gonadotropin levels are beginning to rise
Stratum functionalist detaches from Uterine walls and is shed
Menstrual flow of blood last 3-5
By day 5, growing ovarian follicles start to produce more estrogen