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Stalin, ACHIEVEMENTS, government, FAILURES, Economy, Social policy,…
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ACHIEVEMENTS
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heavy industry: electricity output almost increased ten fold, coal + steel production went up by almost five, three-fold increase in oil production
transport: Moscow Metro's first train lines in 1935, Moscow-Volga Canal 1937
labour productivity: Stakhanov mined 14x in a single shift , authorised higher payments to reward most productive = prod rose bewteen 25-50% in major industries
rearmament: by 1940 1/3 of government devoted to the military, nine military aircraft factories constructed 1939-41
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government
1930s PURGES
Great Terror killed 10 million soviet citizens, 10% of the population
by 1928 stalin was leader of the communist party/SU - had trotsky expelled and placed zinoviev under house arrest
Stalin still scared he would lose power as party was full of rival supporters- economic policies had created chaos, Kirov in Leningrad was emerging popular
eliminated his old rivals - Show trials 1936,1937,1938:
execution of Zinoviev, Bukharin and Trotsky's main supporters
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terrorised the communist party - lenin allowed debates at top level and worked witha. range of communists
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Party + the state
used the vagueness of the relationship between the party + state + encouraged competition so they compete with each other and not stalin
Promoted rivals to similar positions e.g Andrei Zhdanov (Berias rival) in charge of party supervision of the political police
shifted power to state ( so none of the committees rivalled him) e.g in 1938 Politburo was the most senior committee in the government. By 1942 the State Defence Committee was the most powerful. After ww2 the council of ministers was more powerful.
totalitariansim
New kind of dictatorship:
-Complete control of economy
-widespread political terror to eliminate ops
-complete control of the media
-extensive propaganda
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Renewed terror
Leningrad Affair 1949 purged the Leningrad party over concerns that Andrei Zhdanov created an independent powerbase . Z killed, 100 supporters shot, 2000 arrested and dismissed
Persecution ot test the loyalty of ministers- 1949 ordered the imprisonment on Vyacheslav Molotov's wife who did nothing to win his wife's freedom
1923-28 -power struggle between Trotsky, Bukharin and Zinoviev
-Stalin had to establish he was a true leninist
-establish dominance over the politbiro ( expelled rivals + filled w supporters)
-patronage: General Secretary - head of the Rabkrin sack party members
-Stalin had the right to use terror over anyone that is disloyal
FAILURES
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plans undermined by unrealistic targets: Gosplan had no idea how big/ how much the factories could produce. Industrial managers lied about production levels
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Economy
5 YEAR PLANS
Formulated by the Gosplan and set targets accompanied by a massive propaganda campaign designed to inspire workers
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claimed to create a planned economy however no attempt was made to match resources to the country's needs- more like a command economy
build heavy industry therefore invest in new iron + steel factories, new coal mines + oil wells
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RECOVERY WW2
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By 1945: 25 million people were homeless,Soviet industry were producing 1/3 of what it had in 1940, agriculture was producing around 1/2 the grain it had in 1940
Post-war plans focused on heavy industry + rearmament- 90% investment to heavy indsutry. By 1950- producing more coal, iron, steel + elec than 1940
Cold W= prioritise military spending- by 1952 military budget around 25% of spending= by 1949 successfully tested 1st atomic bomb
economic problems
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Light industry didn't grow, less than 12% of industrial investment were li
tractors, trucks/ other high tech goods were poorly made
COLLECTIVISATION
small farms merged into large farms 20-150 families, ownership of the state- violent
CAUSES
Ideology: under NEP farming was run in a capitalist way , communists wanted to abolish capitalism by ending private ownership of farms
economics: allowed government to take more wealth from farms which could be invested- industrialisation (under NEP the government collected small tax on farms)
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CONSEQUENCES
:check:
Allowed the government to procure more grain than the NEP. In 1928 the gov procured 10.8 mill tons. In 1933 it was 22.6 mill tons. Grain exports rose from less than 1 mill in 1928 to 4.7 mill in 1930- 5 mill in 1931
Degree of modernisation- gov allowed farms to hire tractors from Machine Tracto Stations- provided 75,000 tractors. Had limited impact on Soviet farming- made up for all the horses at best
:red_cross:
falling production: destruction of : 17 million horses, 26 million cattle, 11 million pigs, 60 million sheeps and goats. Grain production fell from 73.3 million tons in 1938 to 68.4 million tons in 1933
Famine: Ukraine where resistance was intense. S punished it by seizing grain + livestock. 1932-3 famine = 5 million deaths :red_flag:
slow recovery- grain harvest smaller than best years of NEP, on average private farms produced 410 kilos of grain per hectare whereas collective produced 320 kilos.
Farms forcibly merged , equipment taken from richer and given to poorer peasants. P responded by destroying crops, animals and machinery- gov executed and deported Kulaks who resisted
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