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Reproductive System Karlie Casillas P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System Karlie Casillas P.5
Major functions of the reproductive system
Male reproductive system:
production of sperm
production of male hormones
transport of sperm
production of semen
Female reproductive system:
production of eggs
production of female hormones
transport of eggs
nurturing a fertilized egg
menstruation
facilitating sexual intercourse
Anatomy of the male reproductive structures
**Primary sex organs in the male
The testes which product two products. First is sperm which is formed by cell division called meiosis
Also sex hormones for males is testosterone
The accessory reproductive organs, ducts, glands and external genitalia
Sperm is delivered to body through system of ducts: -1. epididymis
-2. ductus deferens
-3. ejaculatory duct
-4. urerthra
Accessory sex glands
: seminal glands, prostate and bulbo-urethral glands
The scrotum is a sac of skin and superficial fascia, and hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis.
Each testis is surrounded by two tunics -
tunica vaginalis:
outer layer derived from peritoneum
- tunica albuginea
: inner layer forms fibrous capsule
Spermatic cord encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and kymphatics that supply testes
Sperm mature in epididymis is highly coiled, pass slowly through at rate that takes - 20 days when they finally gain ability to swim
The Penis:
male copulatory organ
Erection
: erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid
Seminal glands
- contain smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation and produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid
Prostate
- encircles urethra inferior to bladder and consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
Anatomy of the female reproductive structures
Ovaries
: female gonads- secrete female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone
Internal genitalia:
located in pelvic cavity, include ovaries and duct system
External genitalia:
external sex organs
Ovaries
: paired structures flank the uterus and are almond shaped and about twice as large -Ovarian ligament: anchors ovary medially to uterus - suspensory ligament: anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
Ovarian follicles
: tiny sac-like structures embedded in cortex and contain immature egg (oocyte)
Female Duct system includes: uterine tubes, uterus and vagina
The Uterine tubes
also called fallopian tubes or oviducts, receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization
The Uterus:
function is to receive, retain and nourish fertilized ovum
The vagina:
functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow and organ of copulation
Estrogens
: promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary, and induce secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone
: works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
Hormones of the reproductive system
For males testosterone and vital in development and function of reproductive organs and other organs/tissues, sexual behavior, sexual drives
Female hormonal regulation of the Ovarian cycle 1. GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion then FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature and secret sex hormones. Then Negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release, then positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release, then LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum , then Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
Events of the female hormonal cycles
The Ovarian Cycle: monthly (~28 day) series of events associated with maturation of egg
Two consecutive phases, with ovulation occuring mid cycle between phases
Follicular phase
: period of vesicular follicle growth (days 1-14)
Luteal phase
: period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28)
During follicular phase FSH levels rop around Middle of follicular phase and the primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte and first polar body
Ovulation is in between follicular and Luteal phase and is when the ballooning ovary wall ruptures
Luteal phase:
ruptured follicle collapses and antrum fills with clotted blood and remaking cells firm corpus luteum
The Uterine (Menstrual) cycle:
cyclic series of changes in endometrium that occur in responses to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels
Three phases:
Days 105: Menstrual phase
Days 6-14: proliferative (preovulatory phase)
Days 15-28: secretory (postovulatory phase
Disorders associated with the reproductive system
Testicular cancer-
rare but most common cancer in men age 15-35
Sign: painless, solid mass in testis
90% cured by surgical removed of testis and often radiation or chemotherapy
Prostatitis:
common reason for man to consult urologist and third most common cause of cancer death in males that affects 1 in 6 men in U.S.
Cervical cancer:
most common between ages 30, some risks: frequent cervical inflammation; STIs, including HPV
STIs
are also called sexually transmitted diseases
Chlamydia
: most common bacterial STI in United States symptoms: urethritis; penile and vagina dishcharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain; painful intercourse; irregular menses
Trichomoniasis
: parasitic infection that is more common in women than men and is easily and inexpensively treated
Gonorrhea
: bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
most infections are asymptomatic
Methods and Classification of contraceptives
Hormonal methods
to prevent pregnancy by suppressing ovulation
Barrier Methods
physically block sperm from reaching the egg
Some examples of barrier methods are condoms to prevent the sperm from entering the vagina or uterus. Also the diaphragm cap which blocks sperm from entering the uterus as well.
Some hormonal methods are the pill which is taken to prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus.
Chemical methods
: like pills, patches, injections, and spermicides which kill sperm,
Surgical methods
: For males - vasectomy which cuts and ties the vas deferens
For females:
tubal ligation which removes the fallopian tubes