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Problem: Lack of Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC) in Primary Care -…
Problem: Lack of Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC) in Primary Care
What is primary care?
An adaptive system where the activities of each healthcare professional are insufficient on their own but highly impactful when combined (Leischow et al., 2008)
What is IPC?
An integrative cooperation of different healthcare professionals who blend their competencies and skills to increase patient health outcomes (Rawlinson et al., 2021)
What is the impact of IPC in primary care?
Improved care continuity, coordination of care, and patient satisfaction (Rawlinson et al., 2021)
Cognitive Skills
Interpretation of the data to decode its significance (Facione, 2013)
Analysis of the problem to identify multiple barriers as being the root causes. Developing problem-solving strategies based on existing strategies
Evaluation of potential strategies to gauge their respective pros and cons (Facione, 2013)
Inference creation on the potential positive and negative effects associated with each strategy (Facione, 2013)
Explanation of the strategies' successes, failures and need for refinements (Facione, 2013)
**Fact regarding the problem
A study stated that 47.1% of organizations reported a high degree of collaboration between family physicians and other specialists but only 16.5% between family physicians and other medical providers who are not physicians (Perreault et al., 2017)
Key Questions associated to the problem
Who is part of primary care, and how are they linked?
Primary care involves nurses, doctors, social workers, physiotherapists and other professionals
Why is there a lack of IPC in primary care?
Various barriers
What barriers hinder IPC in primary care?
Systemic
Organizational
Inter-individual
Individual
How do these barriers hinder IPC in primary care?
Individual Barriers : Doubts regarding IPC, Resistance to Change (Rawlinson et al., 2021)
Organizational: Human Resources Limitations, Lack of Organizational Support (Rawlinson et al., 2021)
Systemic: Financial Constraints, Lack of Political Support, Inadequate Multidisciplinary Approach to Training (Rawlinson et al., 2021)
Inter-individual: Lack of Role Clarity, Poor Communication, Power Imbalances due to Professional Hierarchies, Lack of Common Goals, Lack of Team Cohesion (Rawlinson et al., 2021)
Which identified barriers can feasibly be addressed through programs, services or resources in primary care?
All of the identified barriers
Problem Resolution
Surveys administered to primary care providers to gather insights and utilize the collected data to stimulate policy changes for increasing primary care teams (similar to Ontario Health's Expression of Interest Checklist) (Ontario Health. n.d)
Interprofessional Education (IPE) programs delivered to students enrolled in various programs involved in primary care (similar to Western University's IPE program) (Western University, 2025)
IPE programs delivered to various healthcare professionals in primary care (similar to IPC Table Meetings conducted by Team Primary Care (Team Primary Care, 2025)
Toolkit developed and shared with healthcare professionals (similar to the Team-Based Care Toolkit developed by the American College of Physicians) (American College of Physicians, 2025)
Philosophical Perspectives
Ontology (Moon & Blackman, 2014)
Relativist Approach
Epistemology (Moon & Blackman, 2014)
Constructionism
Theoretical Perspective (Moon & Blackman, 2014)
Advocacy or Participatory
Knowledge Sources
Sensory Experiences (Colley, 2025b)
Cognitive Reasoning (Colley, 2025b)
Scientifically Validated Articles (Colley, 2025b)