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Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones) - Coggle Diagram
Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)
Pathophysiology
most stones start as Randall plaque at the junction of the nephrons collecting tubule and the renal pelvis in the papilla
plaques gradually grow until they break though the urothelium into the renal pelvis
once in continuous contact with urine, calcium oxalate layers start forming calcium phosphate nidus.
some stones can arise from highly acidic urine these are know as (uric acid stones)
calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of renal calculi as they compromise 70-75% of cases
Signs and Symptoms
pain in the stomach or side of the back
pain may move to groin area, testicles and vaginal pain in women
abnormal urine colour
blood in the urine
chills or fever
nausea and vomiting
Epidemiology/Who gets it
people with positive family history
trend is increasing in cases
diabetes, hypertension, male sex, obesity all contribute
increased urinary acidity
mortality rate is low but a high chance of other conditions developing such as pyelonephritis
risk is increased with age
black and Hispanic populations have the lowest incidence
Treatment
some pain medication and advice to drink large amounts of water can be advised to help pass the stones on their own
surgery can be an intervention if the stone is too big, the stone is blocking urine flow and causing infection,
medication such as allopurinol can be used for uric acid stones, diuretics and phosphate solutions
Diagnosis
blood test to examine calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, and electrolyte levels
kidney function tests
urinalysis to see crystals and look for red blood cells
stone examination
Abdo CT, Kidney ultrasound and retrograde pyelogram can all be done to aid in diagnosis