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Chapter 24: Fungi - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Penicillin & Cephalosporians
    - - Neurospora Research Model Organism
      - Yeasts
    - - Separated Mixture of Toxins Used to Develop Drugs
      - Lysergic Acid (Precursor & Analog of LSD)
      - Methergin (Controls Postnatal Bleeding)
      - Treats Migraines & Parkinson's
  - - - Fermentation
      - Ethyl Alcohol in Beer & Wine
      - Carbon Dioxide for Rising Bread
    - - Food Processing
      - Bleu Cheese & Soy Sauce
  - - - Attack Trees, Landscape Plants, Crops
        
        Rusts & Smuts
      - Produce Mycotoxins
        
        Ergotism & LSD
    - - Chytrid Fungi & Ascomycetes
        
        Wipe Out Amphibians & Cause Zombie Ants
    - - Mycosis (Infection Due to Fungus)
        
        Serious & Diffcult to Treat
        
        Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis)
        
        Common & Treatable
        
        Ringworm, Oral Thrush, Athlete's Foot, Jock Itch, Yeast Infections
  - - - Can Kill Humans & Livestock
      - Ergotism
        
        Claviceps Purpurea Causes Ergot on Rye, Barley, Grasses
        
        Fungus Replaces Ovary of Grass with Hardened Resting Structure (Sclerotia)
        
        Reduces Yields, Caused St. Anthony's Fire
        
        Produces Alkaloid Toxins with Severe Physiological & Neurological Symptoms
        
        Hallucinations, Burning Skin Sensation, Bug Crawling Feeling, Gangrene Due to Vasoconstriction, Tremors, Still Births, Abortion
      - Aflatoxin from Aspergillus on Corn & Peanuts
  - - - Endomycorrhizae
        
        Fungi Penetrate Cell Walls & Form Arbuscles (Specialized Haustoria)
        
        All Glomeromycetes are Endomycorrhizal
      - Ectomycorrhizae
        
        Fungi Remains Outside Root & Between Cells
      - Fungi Live in Close Association with 80-90% of All Plant Roots
      - Half of Basidiomycetes are Mycorrhizal
      - Absorb Moisture, Minerals From Soil & Sugar From Plant
    - - Fungi Living in Close Association with Photosynthetic Unicellular Chlorophytes or Cyanobacteria
      - Fungus Gives Framework, Moisture & Minerals to Organism
      - Algae Gives Sugar to Fungus
      - Reproduce as Dual Organism Via Soredia Propogules
      - Pioneers
        
        Bare Rock & Harsh Environments
        
        Create Soil for Plants & Food for Animals
- - - - Dispersed by Air or Water to New Food Sources for Germination
  - - - Bits of Mycelium Grow Into New Individuals
    - - Single-Cell Yeasts
      - Mitosis & Asymmetric Cytoplasmic Division
  - - - Positive or Negative Mating Types
    - - Plasmogamy
        
        Anastomosis
        
        Plasma Membrane Fusion of Haploid Positive & Negative Hyphae
      - Heterokaryotic Stage
        
        Hyphae With Unfused Haploid Nuclei of Both Types (n+n) Dividing Individually in Common Cytoplasm
      - Karyogamy
        
        Fusion of Positive & Negative Haploid Nuclei to Form Zygote (2n)
      - Meiosis
        
        Makes Genetically Diverse Spores (n)
        
        Never Multicellular 2n Stage
- - - - Aquatic
    - - Unicellular
      - Live on Water Films or Moist Tissue
  - - - Tubular Cells with Rigid Cell Walls
      - Chitin
        
        Polysaccharide in Cell Wall
        
        Polymer of N-Acetylglucosamine (NAG)
      - Ergosterol
        
        Cell Membrane
        
        No Cholesterol
      - Rapid Cytoplasmic Streaming
        
        Septate
        
        Incomplete Cross Walls
        
        Pores
        
        Coenocytic
        
        Common Cytoplasm
        
        Few or No Septae
      - Tips
        
        Dynamic Growth
        
        No Motile Feeding Cells
        
        Follows Concentration Gradient to Grow Toward Food
        
        Huge Total Surface Area for Absorption
        
        Release of Enzymes
        
        Absorptive Heterotrophs
        
        Absorb Simple Organic Compounds from Living or Dead
        
        Secrete Hydrolytic Enzymes & Acids to Digest Externally
        
        Use Diffusion & Active Transport to Ingest
      - Appressoria
        
        Germination
        
        Spore Sends Hyphae to Scan Leaf Surface
        
        Appressorium Differentiation
        
        Specialized Structure Forms
        
        Turgor Pressure (Water Inflow) Builds
        
        Adhesion
        
        Spore Secretes Glue on Surface of Leaf
        
        Invasion
        
        Invasive Hyphae Spread to Adjacent Cells
        
        Hyphae Erupt Through Surface to Sporulate
        
        Sporulation
        
        Asexual Spores Windblown or Rain Splashed
        
        Penetration
        
        Peg Forces Through Cuticle or Cell Wall
        
        Hyphae Secrete Enzymes
      - Haustoria
        
        Specialized Hyphae Develop Intimate Relationship with Plant
        
        Wrapped Around Membrane, No Penetration or Plant Death
      - Nematodes
        
        Hyphae Trap & Kill Worms for Nitrogen
    - - Emerge from Mycelium to Make Spores
      - Fairy Ring of Mushrooms Around Edge of Mycelium
- - - - Ancestor
        
        Flagellated
        
        Lost After Animals & Chytrids
        
        Aquatic
        
        Mostly Terrestrial After Chytrids
        
        Unicellular
    - - Earliest Terrestrial Plants Had Mycorrhizae (Intimate Relationship with Fungi)
      - Earliest Lichen Fossils ~410 MYA
      - Oldest Fungal Fossils ~460 MYA
  - - - Aquatic Decomposers or Parasites
      - Flagellated Zoospores for Movement in Water
      - Basal Fungus Group
    - - Coenocytic Hyphae (Little or No Septae)
      - Asexual Spores are Sporangiospores
      - Sexual Cycle Makes Resistant Zygosporangium
      - Rhizopus Bread Mold
    - - Mutualistic Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (Intimate Relationship)
      - 90% of Plant Species Have Mycorrhizal Relationship
    - - Asexual Spores are Conidia
      - Sexual Spores Within Saclike Ascus
      - Cup Fungus
    - - Mushrooms Have Gills Under Basidium
      - No Asexual Spores
      - Sexual Spores Within Club-Like Basidium
      - Puffballs & Mushrooms