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Microbial Metabolism - Coggle Diagram
Microbial Metabolism
Metabolism
Build or breakdown complex molecules
Sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions
Anabolic
(ATP to complex molecule, simple to complex, full of energy, dehydration synthesis, DNA replication).
Catabolic
(Complex to simple, breakdown complex molecule, release of energy, hydrolysis, digestion)
Enzymes
Classification
Oxidoreductase
: Oxidation-reduction, O and H gained or lost (Cytochrome oxidase)
Transferase
: Transfer of functional groups (amino, phosophte)(Alanine deaminase)
Hydrolase
: Hydrolysis (Lipase, sucrase)
Lyase
: Removal of groups of atoms without hydrolysis (Oxalate decarboxylase)
Isomerase
: Rearrangement of atoms within a molecule (Glucose-phosphate isomerase)
Ligase
: Joining of 2 molecules using energy or ATP (Acetyl CoA syntheses, DNA ligase
Factors
:
Temp, pH, substrate concentration, inhibitors
(
competitive
: beats substrate to active site, no enzyme activity.
Non-competitive
: binds to allosteric site, changes shape of active site).
Denaturation
(permanent change in structure of protein)
Proteins, most end in "-ase," lowers activation energy.
Active site
(where substrate binds to enzyme).
Allosteric site
(influences how substrate binds to active site)
Electron Transport Chain
L
(
E
: Mitochondrial inner membrane,
P
: cell Membrane).
Start
(NADH, FADH2, O2).
End
(H2O, ATP).
Net
(~34 ATP).
Total ATP
(
P
: 38,
E
: 36)
ETC Components
:
Carrier molecules
(oxidized and reduced as electrons pass).
Flavoproteins & Ubiquinones
(transfer electrons and protons).
Cytochromes
(transfer electrons only, contain iron)
Chemiosmosis
: Proton gradient forms across membrane, protons move back via ATP synthase, energy from this movement generates ATP
Fermentation
L
(Cytoplasm).
Start
(Pyruvic acid).
End
(Lactic acid, 2 ethanol + CO2).
Net
(2 ATP).
Electron carriers
(none)
Phenol red sugar broth
: Change of color caused by change of pH (acidic = yellow, fermentation occurring). No O2. Produces NAD & NADP, not efficient in producing ATP
Lactic acid
(Glycolysis --> 2 L.A., 2 NAD+, yogurt & sauerkraut).
Alcohol
(Glycolysis --> 2 ethanol, 2 CO2, 2 NAD+, bread, alcohol).
Glycolysis
1st step in carbohydrate catabolism
L
(Cytoplasm).
Start
(Glucose).
End
(2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH).
Net
(2 ATP).
Electron carriers
(2 NADH)
Prep Step
Between glycolysis & Kreb's Cycle. Converts pyruvic acid to Acetyl CoA
L
(
E
: Mitochondrial matrix,
P
: Cytoplasm).
Start
(2 pyruvic acid).
End
(2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2). N
text
et (0 ATP).
Electron carriers
(2 NADH)
Kreb's Cycle
L
(
E
: Mitochondrial matrix,
P
: Cytoplasm).
Start
(2 Acetyl CoA).
End
(4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP).
Net
(2 ATP).
Electron carriers
(6 NADH, 2 FADH2)