Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 33: Animal Form & Function - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 33: Animal Form & Function
Evolution of Size & Shape
Bioenergetics
Overall Flow & Transformation of Energy in Animal
Determines How Much Food Animal Needs
Relates to Size, Activity & Environment
Energy Allocation & Use
Classifies Organisms by How They Obtain Chemical Energy
Autotrophs (Plants) Harness Light Energy to Build Energy-Rich Molecules
Heterotrophs (Animals) Harvest Chemical Energy from Food
Energy-Containing Molecules From Food Usually Make ATP to Power Cellular Work
Biosynthesis
After Needs of Staying Alive are Met, Remaining Food Molecules Used in Biosynthesis
Body Growth & Repair, Synthesis of Storage Material (Fat) & Production of Gametes
Metabolic Rate
Amount of Energy Used in Unit of Time
Determined by
Heat Loss
Oxygen Consumed or Carbon Dioxide Produced
Energy Content of Food Consume & Energy Lost in Waste
Convergent Evolution Results in Similar Adaptations of Diverse Organisms Facing Same Challenges
Physical Laws Govern Life
Diffusion
Movement
Strength
Heat Exchange
Exchange of Materials With Environment
Materials Must Exchange Across Cell Membranes
Waste Products
Gases
Nutrients
Rate of Exchange is Proportional to Surface Area
Adaptations in Multicellular Animals
Alveoli in Lungs
Microvilli in Intestines
Glomeruli in Kidneys
Amount of Exchange Material is Proportional to Volume
Homeostatic Processes
Thermoregulation
Endothermy
Endothermic Animals Generate Heat by Metabolism
Birds & Mammals
Maintain Stable Body Temperature Even in Large Fluctuations in Environmental Temperature
More Energetically Expensive
Ectothermy
Ectothermic Animals Gain Heat from External Sources
(Invertebrates, Fish, Amphibians, Nonavian Reptiles)
Tolerate Greater Variation in Internal Temperature
Process by Which Animals Maintain Internal Termperature Within Tolerable Range
Balancing Heat Loss & Gain
Radiation
Evaporation
Convection
Conduction
Involves Integumentary System
Hair
Nails
Skin
Adaptations
Circulatory
Regulation of Blood Flow Near Body Surface
Endotherms & Some Ectoderms Alter Amount of Blood Flowing Between Body Core & Skin
Vasodilation Increases Blood Flow in Skin, Facilitating Heat Loss
Vascoconstriction Decreases Blood Flow in Skin, Lowering Heat Loss
Countercurrent Heat Exchangers Transfer Heat Between Fluids Flowing in Opposite Directions (Reduces Heat Loss in Marine Mammals, Birds, Bony Fish, Sharks & Endothermic Insects)
Evaporation
Cooling by Evaporative Heat Loss
Losing Heat Through Evaporation of Water from Skin
Sweating & Bathing Moistens Skin (Cooling)
Panting Increases Cooling Effect in Birds & Mammals
Behavior
Endotherms & Ectotherms Use Behavioral Responses to Control Body Temperature
Terrestrial Invertebrates (Dragonflies) Have Postures to Minimize or Maximize Absorption of Solar Heat
Honeybees Huddle During Cold Weather to Retain Heat
Metabolic Heat
Thermogenesis
Increased by Muscle Activity
Some Ectotherms Can Also Shiver to Increase Temperature
Nonshivering Thermogenesis Takes Place When Hormones Cause Mitochondira to Increase Metabolic Activity
Adjusts Metabolic Heat Production to Maintain Body Temperature
Insulation
Mammals (Especially Whales & Walruses) & Birds
Reduces Heat Flow Between Animal & Environment
Skin, Feathers, Fur, Blubber
Acclimatization
Birds & Mammals Vary Insulation to Acclimatize to Seasonal Temperature Changes
When Temperatures are Subzero, Some Ectotherms Produce "Antifreeze" Compounds to Prevent Ice Formation in Cells
Physiological Thermostats & Fever
Brain Triggers Heat Loss or Heat Generating Mechanisms
Fever Reflects Increase in Normal Range for Biological Thermostat
Hypothalamus Controls Thermoregulation in Mammals
Ectothermic Organisms Seek Warmer Environments to Increase Body Temperature in Response to Certain Infections
Metabolic Rate
Basal Metabolic Rate
Metabolic Rate of Endothermic at Rest at Comfortable Temperature
Standard Metabolic Rate
Metabolic Rate of Ectothermic at Rest at Specific Temperature
Both Rates Assume Nongrowing, Fasting & Nonstressed Animal
Ectotherms Have Much Lower Metabolic Rates Than Endotherms of Comparable Size