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Postmoderism in Society - Coggle Diagram
Postmoderism in Society
Family
Beck and Giddens
Late Modernity and Individualisation. In modern society, traditional norms such as staying with the same partner for life, lost their hold over individual
Beck
Argues each individual becomes free to pursue their own self interest. Relationships are more fragile because individuals are unwilling to remain with a partner if the relationship fails to deliver personal fulfilment. Disembedded from traditional roles.
Giddens
Explains there's rising expectations by suggesting there's been a trend to 'confluent love'. This is love focused on intimacy. Closeness and emotions as the basis of relationships rather than feelings of duty and obligation when couples are dissatisfied with absence of romance and intimacy, they are likely to opt out of marriage.
Rapports
We have moved away from traditional family to a range of different family types. Families have adapted to pluralistic society - lifestyle is more diverse. 5 different need and wished are:
Cultural - different cultural, religious and ethic groups have different family structures.
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Generational - older and younger generations have different attitudes and experiences that reflect periods that they've lived
Social Class - differences in family structure are often the result of income differences in households or different social classes
Stacey
More choice has freed women from patriarchal oppression and can now reshape family arrangements to fit their needs. Women now create families that suit their needs. 'Divorce-extended' family where members of family are connected by divorce rather than marriage. Greater acceptance sexual and family diversity.
Smart
Argues individualisation thesis exaggerates choice. Argues instead there's a 'connectedness thesis'. We are social beings whose choice are always made within a 'web of connectedness'. It emphasises the role of the class and gender structures in which we are embedded. These structures limit our choices. Argues these structures aren't disappearing just being reshaped.
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Chester
Degree of diversity has been exaggerated and that nuclear family is still the norm. Only important change is more from traditional nuclear family to neo-conventional family where both spouses go to work as dual earners due to lifecycle people may not be in nuclear families now but many people were in or will be in a nuclear family. A pattern will continue:
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Most marriages continue until death, when divorce happens, remarriages likely
Beliefs
Hervieur-Leger
There's been a decline in institutions. This is due to 'cultural amnesia' or loss of collective memory. Before children were taught with religion but now few parents teach it and allow children to decide. Greater social equality has undermined power of church. Young people no longer inherit fixed religious identity. Consumerism has replaced religion. They've become spiritual shoppers and religion is individualised. 'DIY beliefs' give meanings to our lived and fit in with our interests. Late modernity explains weaking of traditions but increase of choice.
Spiritual shopping is seen as a watered down version of faith - lack of commitment to attend. A number of beliefs systems don't fit will together
Stark and Bainbridge
Secularisation as Eurocentric. RMT based assumptions: People are naturally religious and religion meets human needs and its human nature to seek rewards. People weigh up the costs and benefits of different options available. When real rewards are scarce. Religion compensates by promising supernatural ones. Propose a cycle of religious decline, revival and renewal so when some religions decline, others grow attracting new members. Instead of competition undermining it leads to competition in improvements in quality of religious 'goods' on offer. A religious monopoly leads to decline.
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Diversity can lead to decline - Berger, undermines the 'sacred canopy' and creates a crisis of credibility.
Davie
Religion isn't declining but taking a privatised form. Church going has declined because attendance is now a matter of personal choice. Notes a trend towards vicarious religion. Religion is practiced by an active minority on behalf of the greater majority. Despite low levels of attendance people still identifying with churches. People still use church for rites of passage or rituals like baptisms and weddings. In Europe major national churches are seen as public utilities - 'spiritual health service'. Its available when anyone needs it. What seems like a small commitment is a big commitment. Seen when people are drawn to church at times of tragedy.
The social attitude survey argues both church attendance and belief are declining. Gill at al adds if people aren't willing to in church, this reflects the declining system
Norris and Inglehart
Religiosity isn't due to choice but rather existential security. Religion meets a needs for security. In societies where people feel secure there's low level of demand for religion. Demand is greatest for low-income groups. Western Europe - increasing secularisation. USA - Remains more religious, as it has the most unequal society with inadequate welfare leading to high levels of poverty and insecurity.
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Lyon
Globalisation has led to increased moments of ideas and beliefs across the world. Role of media and IT saturates us with images and messages from around the world. Religion becomes disembedded - the media lifts them out of context and move them to a different place and time signs and images are detached from their place in religious institutions. There's a loss of faith in metanarratives. Weaking occurs as people are exposed to many competing versions of the truth. People are sceptical of what's true.
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Those who access electronic church are already believers - no new converts. Power of electronic church is questionable