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Chapter 1 Structure and Function of Body Systems - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 1 Structure and Function of Body Systems
skeleton system
axial skeleton
skull
ribcage
vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
sacrum/coccyx
appendicular skeleton
muscle fascia: A thin layer of connective tissue surrounding different layers of muscle
Epimysium: Outermost layer surrounds the entire muscle
Perimysium: Surrounds one Bundle of Muscle Fibers
Endomysium: Surrounds one Muscle Fiber
Muscle sarcomere (Smallest unit of muscle, made of actin and myosin)
z disk
A band: the length of the Myosin , never change length
H zone: Myosin but no Actin, shortens when a muscle contracts
I band: Actin but no Myosin, shortens when a muscle contracts
Sliding Filament Theory: Myosin pulls on the actin to shorten the muscle, Power Stroke from ATP Hydrolysis
Create an Action Potential
Action Potential propagates down the nerve to the neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine crosses the neuromuscular junction exciting the sarcolemma
Signal goes down the t-tubules and causes a release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Troponin binds to tropomyosin (rope around actin) and pulls the tropomyosin out of the way
Tropomyosin moves to open up the binding site
7.Myosin binds to actin forming a Cross Bridge
Force summation/tetanus
Action Potential is sent from the brain down the nerve to the neuromuscular junction, Causes the release of Acetylcholine (Ach)
Skeletal muscle fiber types
Type I: Oxidative- Aerobic Training
Type IIa: Mixed
Type IIx: Glycolytic, 1-5 reps
muscle spindle: Senses Muscle Stretch, cause a muscle contraction
Golgi Tendon Organ: Senses when a muscle contracts hard and a tendon is stretched, causes muscle inhibition
Cardiovascular System
Blood flow through the heart: Vena Cava--Right Atrium--Tricuspid valve--Right ventricle--Pulmonary artery--Lungs--Pulmonary vein-- Left atrium--Mitral valve--Left ventricle--Aorta
blood flow to the muscle: Arteries - Arterioles--Capillaries (Level of gas exchange)--Venules --veins
Conduction System: SA Node (pacemaker of the heart -- AV node (impulse is delayed) -- AV bundle(sends signal to the ventricles--Purkinje Fibers: Further divides the signal to the ventricles
Resting Heart Rate: Typically 60-100 BPM, Bradycardia: Fewer than 60 BPM; Tachycardia: More than 100 BPM
ECG: P Wave Atria depolarize- QRS Complex Ventricles depolarize & Atria repolarize - T wave Atria Repolarization
Systolic: Heart is beating (pushing blood out into arteries) , Diastolic: Heart is filling (low pressure in arteries) , Typical: 120/80 ;Aerobic exercise increases systolic BP and should not change diastolic BP (180/80mHg) ; Resistance training increases systolic BP significantly (may potentially slightly increase diastolic BP) (250/120mmHg) ; Hypertension is systolic BP >140mmHg or diastolic BP >90mmHg at rest
Vasodilation (blood vessel radius increases to increase blood flow to an area);Catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine) increase HR and contractility
Cardiac Output (CO) : CO = HR x SV, Trained Athletes: 5-40 L/min, Untrained Athletes: 5-25 L/min, CO is limiting factor for maximal aerobic exercise capacity, Less O2 delivery increases demand on anaerobic metabolism which increases fatigue
Aerobic training increases capillary density
VO2 Max: Increased effectiveness of cardiac output distribution, Increased blood flow to muscles (myoglobin) ; VO2 max = CO (cardiac output) x A-V (arterial - venous) O2 difference; male ave VO2 Max: Average: 44-51mL/kg/min High: 57-62 mL/kg/min ; Female average : 35-43 mL/kg/min, High: 49-53 mL/kg/min
Respiratory System
Oxygenated Blood: Systemic Arteries & pulmonary vein; deoxygenated blood: veins & pulmonary artery