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Biological Molecules - Coggle Diagram
Biological Molecules
Proteins (C, H, O, N, *S)
Structure: Primary (amino acid sequence, polypeptide chain). Secondary (a.a. chain folds & coils in helix or pleats). Tertiary (3D folding). Quaternary (+2 polypeptides)
Functions: Regulation (enzymes). Structure (cell wall & membrane). Immune function (antibodies). Membrane transport
Made of amino acids, joined via peptide bonds, linked by removing water (dehydration synthesis), 50% of cell weight
General amino acid: Alpha carbon attached to amino group, carboxyl croup, Hydrogen & side group (side group changes based on amino acid). Tyrosine: Cyclic side group, CH2 + OH
Carbohydrates (C, H, O)
Subunits: Monosaccharides. Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Functions: Energy storage (glucose), food reserve (starch - plants, glycogen - animals), structural (DNA + RNA, forms cell walls - peptidoglycan)
Classifications
Monosaccharides: 5-carbon (Deoxyribose, Ribose). 6-carbon (Glucose, Galactose, Fructose)
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Polysaccharides: Glycogen (energy in animals, liver). Cellulose (plant cell well). Peptidoglycan (bacteria cell wall). Chitin (fungi cell wall). Starch (energy in plants). Amylase (enzyme for digestion of starch & glycogen into glucose)
Lipids (C, H, O)
Triglycerides (Simple)
Glycerol molecule linked to 3 fatty acids (2 saturated, 1 unsaturated) thru Ester linkage (covalent bond)
Saturated (Solid @ room temp, no carbon to carbon double bonds, animal sources). Unsaturated (Liquid @ room temp, one or more carbon to carbon double bonds, vegetable sources)
Trans fats (Hydrogenated, plant sources, cause plaque more than saturated, H on opposite plane as carbon to carbon double bond). Cis (H in same plane as carbon to carbon double bond) Both types of unsaturated fats
Subunits (fatty acids). Classification (saturated & unsaturated) Functions (Energy storage, cell membrane and wall structure)
Phospholipids (Complex)
Glycerol attached to 2 fatty acids (1 saturated, 1 unsaturated). Glycerol molecule linked to phosphate group, organic group attached.
Polar head (hydrophilic, linked to glycerol, phosphate & organic group). Nonpolar tail (hydrophobic, linked to 2 fatty acids)
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Inorganic vs. Organic
Inorganic (Small, simple, lack carbon. Ionic bonds important. Salts, acids, bases).
Organic (Carbon & hydrogen. Covalent bonds important. Structurally complex. Carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid)
Chemical reactions
Hydrolysis: Splitting disaccharide into 2 monosaccharides, requires addition of water molecule
Dehydration synthesis: Combining 2 monosaccharides to form disaccharide, removal of water molecule. Glycosidic bond: bond between 2 sugars, covalent bond.