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Japanese Expansion in East Asia (1931 - 1941), National Mobilization Act…
Japanese Expansion in East Asia (1931 - 1941)
Militarism & Nationalism
Rejection of liberal democracy in early 1930s
Military dominance over civilian government
Influence of the Amur River Society (Black Dragon Society)
Education system reinforced militarist, racial superiority ideals
Rise of factions:
Kōdō-ha (Imperial Way): Bushido, Strike North
Tōsei-ha (Control): modernisation, Strike South
Failed Kōdō-ha takeover→ Tōsei-ha gains influence (1936)
Expansion into China
Mukden Incident (1931) leads to invasion of Manchuria
Puppet state: Manchukuo (Pu Yi)
Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937) resulted in a full-scale war
Nanjing Massacre (~200,000 civilians killed)
Shanghai bombing
Tanggu Truce
Creation of demilitarised zones
Greater control of eastern China, but countryside challenged by CCP
GMD seen as weak → CCP gained popularity with guerrilla tactics
International Reactions and Road to Pearl Harbor
League of Nations
Lytton Report condemned Japan, leading to Japan withdrawing
Tianjin Incident showed aggression toward Britain (1939)
Tripartite Pact (1940) signed with Germany & Italy (anti-USSR & anti-West)
Growing US–Japan tensions
US sanctions on oil, iron, rubber
Hull Note = failed negotiations → demanded withdrawal from China (1941)
Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)
Intended to disable US Pacific Fleet
Germany & Italy declared war after the attack, resulting in full global conflict
Japan’s decline began
Economic Motivations and the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Resource needs included: coal, iron, bauxite, oil
South Manchurian Railway was key to profit and control
Japanese industry (Zaibatsu like Mitsubishi) supported expansion
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere promoted pan-Asianism
Desire to replace Western imperialism in Asia
'Strike South' strategy adopted after defeats against USSR (1939)
Occupation of Indochina (1940)
Threatens British
US interests
National Mobilization Act (1938) leads to total war economy