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inheritance - Coggle Diagram
inheritance
protein sythesis
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transcription
proteins are made in the cytoplasm by ribosomes. DNA is found in the nucleus and can't move out because it is too big. the cell needs to get the information from the nucleus for to the ribosome
this is done using a molecule called mRNA. like DNA, mRNA is made up of a sequence of bases buts it is shorter and only a single strand. it also uses Uracil instead of Thymine
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process:
- RNA polymerase binds to a region of non-coding DNA in front of a gene
- the two strands of DNA unzip and the RNA polymerase moves along one of the strands of the DNA
- it uses the coding DNA in the gene as a template to make the mRNA. Base pairings between the DNA and RNA ensures that the mRNA is complementary to the gene
- once made, the mRNA molecule moves out of the nucleus and joins with the ribosome in the cytoplasm
translation
process:
- Amino Acids are brought to the ribosome by another RNA molecule called tRNA
- the order in which the amino acids are brought to the ribosome matches the order of the codons in mRNA
- part of the structure of the tRNA is called an anticodon-it is complementary to the codon for the amino acid. the paring of the codon and anticodon makes sure that the amino acids are brought to the ribosome in the correct order
- the amino acids are joined together by the ribosome. this makes a protein
once the mRNA is bound to a ribosome, the protein can be assembled. this stage is called translation
variation
caused by genes-all animals are bound to be slightly different from each other because their genes are slightly different.
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genetic diagrams
- what genes you inherit control what characteristic you develop. some characteristics ate controlled by a single gene. however most characteristics are controlled by several genes interacting
- most of the time you have two copies of each gene
- if the alleles are different, you have instructions for two different version of a characteristic but you only show one version. the version of the characterise which is expressed is the dominant allele whilst the one which is expressed is the recessive allele. characteristics caused by recessive alleles only appear if both alleles are recessive.
- your genotype is the alleles that you have, you phenotype is the characteristics that the alleles produce
- in genetic diagrams , letters are used to represent genes. dominant alleles are presented with a capital letter and recessive with a lower case letter
- if you're homozygous for a trait, you have two alleles that are te same for that gene. if you are heterozygous for a trait, you have two different alleles for that trait.
- some characteristics are caused by codominant alleles. neither allele is recessive so you show characteristics for both alleles
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