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CRIME : EXPLANATIONS & TREATMENTS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 47 chromosomes instead of 46
      - prevalence is 1 in 1000 male births
      - NOT an inherited condition
      - Characteristics
        
        long limbs
        
        facial acne
        
        exhibit agg behav
      - Genetically propels them to be more violent
        
        :check:Kendler : found genetic risk factors do play role in criminal behav eg: parent/sibling relationship, alc use disorder, disruption of child/ parent relationship
        [Swedish Adoption Study]
        
        :red_cross:Theilgaard : found 12 out of 30,000 blood samples taken were XYY --> cannot expln all criminality
        
        Found XYY reduced intelligence --> criminality may be due to learning difficulties associated w condition rather than XYY itself
        
        :check:Jacobs : found over rep of males w XYY in prison[15 per 1000 males] = 15x more than gen pop
        --> XYY must account for increased criminal behav
        --> XYY doesn't increase likelihood of violent crime
        
        :check:Witkin : found 41.7% of XYY males more likely to engage in crime compared to 9.3% if XY males
        
        Lower intelligence may expln this = increase criminality due to social reaction as people are more likely to recognise them - less likely to defend themselves
        
        :check:Stolkholm : found sig increase in number of all crimes compared to XY males [other than drugs & trafficking]
        
        But when factors such as fatherhood, relationships and ed were controlled - v little sig difference
        
        Therefore risk of offending was reliant on socio-economic conditions for XYY
        
        :red_cross:Difficult to research = skilled staff and resource intensive to look at genetic material of all male offenders
        
        :red_cross:Doesn't account for female offenders
        
        :red_cross:95% of males who have XYY don't even know and don't end up in prison
        
        :red_cross:Not 100% concordance so must be other factors involved
        
        :red_cross:Mednick found that 85.7% of males with criminal record had bio father w criminal record --> suggest link between genes and criminality
        
        & social transmission of antisocial behav within families
  - - - Extravert/ Introvert
      - Stable/ Neurotic
      - Psychotism
      - AROUSAL THEORY
        
        Activity in ARAS stimulate the cerebral cortex which in turn leads to higher cortical arousal
        
        Extraverts = underactive ARAS = require large amounts of external stimulation
        
        Neuroticism = high activiation levels and lower threshold in limbic system = easily upset & stresses
        
        psychoticism = high T levels and low MAO levels
        
        :check:Rushton and Chrisjon : found relationship between high delinquency and high score in E and P but NOT N
        
        :check:Boduszek et al : recidivistic offenders in high security prison found hi level E score
        
        Introverts = overactive ARAS = require less external stimulation
      - P who have hi PEN scores = likely to show criminal behav
    - - :check:Stone found :
        antisocial and paranoid PDs = most common amongst violent offenders
        Narcisstic PD = instrumental domestic murder
        Psychopathy = common in serial killers
        Paranoid PD = mass murderers
        Alot of offenders have more than one PD
- - - - Deficits in the amount of these could cause violent behaviour
    - - :check:Benton : found falls in blood sugar levels in Peruvian children = increase in irritability when playing deliberately frustrating computer game
        
        :red_cross:Cannot be applied to criminals - computer games and criminal offences are not the same
        
        :check:Zaalberg : found adding magnesium, vitamin D and omega 3 to young offenders diets = 34% reduction in violent events compare to +14% in control
- - - - 1] cog preparation : identifies anger provoking situations and considers consequences for others
      - 2] skill acquisition : skills developed about how to manage provoking situation
      - 3] application practise : roleplay scenarios with new skills
    - - :red_cross:However 8% deteriorated therefore not fully effective