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BELIEFS (4): RELIGION & IDEOLOGY (2) - Coggle Diagram
BELIEFS (4): RELIGION & IDEOLOGY (2)
SECULARISATION (GLOBAL)
RELIGIOUS MARKET THEORY
STARK & BAINBRIDGE
: there is a basic, constant demand for religion as ppl need compensators + rewards only religion has
they say religions are like businesses; there is constant demand, but participation depends on supply (quantity, quality + attractiveness)
religions that have more to offer (therefore being more attractive) and constantly adapt to their customers needs are more likely to have higher participation
religions therefore have competition, diversity + choice leading to more religious variety + participation, and so, there is something for everyone
EXISTENTIAL SECURITY THEORY
NORRIS & INGELHART
: religious demand varies in + between society, but demand seems to be highest from the low-income as they are less secure + face more threats to life
third-world countries are generally more religious, but western countries become more secular due to
existential security
- survival being secure, so taken for granted
higher security means lesser need for religion, and vice versa
they point out that ↑ global population undermines patterns of secularisation; western countries have slower growth, so less religion, but third world have more growth = more religious
GLOBALISATION & RELIGION: IMPACTS
INCREASED RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY (MEYER ET AL)
religions are less associated with one particular location (deterritorialisation)
world religions are now transnational, leading to ↑ religious diversity
the internet enables easier access to info on a variety teachings + practices, so ppl can adopt new belief systems and pick'n'mix elements of religions
CLASH OF CIVILISATIONS (HUNTINGTON)
when differences of civilisations in their lifestyles, beliefs, values + cultures clash through globalisation; religious differences can create a hostile 'us v them' relationship
it could be argued conflict apparently based on religion in fact has other origins - the n. ireland conflict was really about whether the uk or southern ireland controlled n. ireland
the palestine and israel conflict is really about land
ARMSTRONG
: the conflict between islam and the west isn't primarily caused by religion but due to american foreign policy - their intervention in muslim countries
FUNDAMENTALISM
CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNDAMENTALISM
fundamentalists often look to return to the basics/ fundamentals of their faith
FEATURES
AUTHORITATIVE SACRED TEXT
- christian fundamentalists take the bible literally, believing it answers all question; it is not open to questioning
'US & THEM MENTALITY'
- fundamentalists separate themselves from everyone else and refuse to compromise
AGGRESSIVE REACTION
- fundamentalists want to bring attention to the threat they believe their beliefs face, therefore using shocking, intimidating or sometimes harmful tactics
USE OF MODERN TECH
- fundamentalists do oppose modern culture as they see it to be corrupted by secularism, liberalism, materialism + promiscuity
PATRIARCHY
- fundamentalists favour control over women's sexuality, reproductive powers, and social + economic roles
fundamentalists are intolerant of other views + refuse to engage in rational debate with them
they do use modern tech, however, to achieve their aims (e.g. televangelism)
REASONS FOR RISING FUNDAMENTALISM
GIDDENS
: fundamentalism is a reaction to globalisation; postmodern society brings freedom of choice, uncertainty and higher risks, which undermines the certainty tradition gives
some embrace this freedom, but others attracted to fundamentalism's absolute truths and certainty retreat to faith-based answers, away from postmodern society
the islamic revolution in iran was triggered by globalisaiton; 'western' values brought by foreign capitalism
DAVIE
: a rise in secular beliefs due to increased scientific + technological education
movements like 'the enlightenment' in the 18th century increased secularisation thus undermined religious certainties, producing a reaction of religious fundamentalism
fundamentalism grows where those w/ trad orthodox beliefs are threatened by changing attitudes, and feel the need to defend themselves against these changes
e.g.
NEW CHRISTIAN RIGHT*
- aims to reassert 'true' religion and restore it so it can shape laws + morals of wider society