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TOXICOLOGY - Coggle Diagram
TOXICOLOGY
Mycotoxins
Ergotism
vasoconstriction, adrenergic blockade, antagonist action against serotonin, uterine contractions
cattle, pig, bird
GI (vesicles, erosions), extremities gangrene, uterine (peristalsis), neuro (convulsions)
Fescue disease
cattle
as ergotism
as ergotism
Mycotoxic estrogenic syndrome
pig
vaginal/rectal prolapse, abortion
estrogenic + anabolic
cattle (less)
vulvovaginal congestion
birds (less)
cloacal prolapse
Deoxynivalenol intoxication
pig
mycotoxic estrogenic syndrome + vomiting
Facial eczema of ruminants
mammals (mostly cattle, sheep)
anorexia, diarrhea, photodermatosis
proliferative connective tissue from liver: compression of bile ducts ; photosensitization
Mycotoxic lupinosis
sheep + cattle, pig, horse
anorexia, jaundice, death
Tremorgen intoxication
calve, gallinaceous birds, rabbit, dog, cat
GI, neuro (generalized muscle tremors), seizures)
Equine leukoencephalomalacia
by fumonisin B1
Chronic mycotoxic nephropathy
pig
polyuria, polydypsia, diarrhea
ochratoxin: disrupts carbohydrate metabolism, disrupts lipid metabolism, alters prothrombin time, decrease hematopoiesis (birds)
citrinin: nephrotoxic + hepatotoxic
oxalic acid: precipitates Ca ions, mainly in capillaries + renal tubules
poultry
general, hemorrhagic diarrhea, tremors
dog (less)
nephrotoxic + immunosuppressive
Slaframine intoxication
horse, cattle + sheep, pig
slobbers (salivate profusely), GI
as ACoA
Stahibotriotoxicosis
horse
typical: oral lesions (I), hemorrhagies (II), GI + increase leukopenia (III) / atypical: hyperthermia, respi, neuro
cattle
initial: general / advanced: leukopenia, ulcers, heart failure
pig
rhinitis, congestive/hemorrhagic/ulcers, necrosis
satratoxin H: leukopenic, irritant, serious agranulocytosis (> infections)
Aflatoxicosis
all
cattle
neonatal diarrhea, rectal prolapse, hepatic
pig
acute: depression, hepatic / subacute: anorexia, jaundice, respi / chronic: decrease weight gain, hepatic
poultry
hepatic (tumors), hydropericardium
Pollution
Pollution
Air pollution - Gaseous
Soil pollution
*Pollution with heavy metals
Lead (Pb)
GIT lesions + decrease ATP synthesis, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity + gout + metabolic acidosis + decrease melanin synthesis + disrupts metabolism of calcium, zinc, iron + inhibits ALAD (AminoLevulinic Acid Dehydratase)
cattle, sheep, bird
acute: neuro, GI (balck diarrhea), "rabies"
cattle, sheep, horse, carnivores
chronic: saturnism
CaNa2-EDTA, dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)
Arsenic (As)
inflammation, ulceration and necrosis of GIT + edematous action, necrosis + inhibits essential enzyme systems of cellular metabolism
all
overacute / acute: general, neuro, renal, cutaneous / chronic: arsenicism
Fe(OH)3, Dimercaprol, Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)
Cadmium (Cd)
on Zn, decrease Fe, Se, Ca, inhibits thiol-dependent enzymes + ATP-ase, aldolase + pancreatic insulin, decrease DNA synthesis, increase activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, embryotoxic, teratogenic, carcinogenic
all
acute: GI, neuro, renal, + respi if PO / chronic: anemia, balance disorders, osteo, repro
DMSA
Fluoride (F)
cattle > sheep, goat > horse > pig > birds
acute: GI / chronic: fluorosis
affinity for Ca > kidney + thyroid disorders
Molybdenum (Mo)
ruminants + horse, pig
GI, achromotrichia, shedding, osteo
impaired Cu metabolism + utilization, competes w phosphorous utilization, impairs tyrosinase activity, inhibits erythropoiesis
Selenium
replaces sulphur from AA, inhibits use of oxygen by tissues
ruminants
acute: GI / chronic: long hair loss, abnormal growth and structure of horns + hooves
Zinc (Zn)
GI irritant, decrease hepatic Cu + Fe
all
acute: GI, CV / chronic: decrease growth, stiff joints, decubitus
before absorption: albumin water, ferric hydrate / after absorption: CaNa2EDTA, DMP, D-penicillamine, DMSA
Water pollution
Industrial water pollution
Visual pollution
Noise pollution
Thermal pollution
Radioactive pollution
Radioactive pollution
all
overacute: neuro / acute: GI, hemorrhagies / chronic: stronger
Pesticides
Insecticides
Organophosphate insecticides
all, mainly farm
hypercholinergic/vasotonic syndrome --> acute: muscarinic, nicotinic, CNS / chronic: GI
inhibitors of AChE+ pseudo-ChE > accumulation of Ach in synaptic cleft > exaggerated activity of cholinergic muscarinic + nicotinic receptors
Atropine + Oximes
Carbamates
inhibitors of AChE, reversible
Atropine
all, mainly farm
hypercholinergic/vasotonic syndrome --> acute: muscarinic, nicotinic, CNS / chronic: GI
Organochlorine insecticides
increase Na inflow > decrease K outflow > inhibition of GABA > enhance initiation of action potentials > increase nervous activity
all
muscular, neuro (intermittent clonic-tonic seizures)
Pyrethrins + pyrethroids
all
neuromuscular syndrome (paresthesia), respi, cardiac
delay closing Na+ channels, inhibition opening K+, prolonging depolarization phase > bind to GABA receptors > decrease mb threashold for action potential > increase nerve fiber excitability
Amitraz
α2-adrenergic agonist activity > CNS + respi depression, CV + GI effects
inhibition of monoamine oxidases
increase monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine), hypertension (> hypotension, bradycardia), hyperglycemia
inhibition of PGE2 synthesis > hypothermia
all
general, neuro, respi + cutaneous
α2-adrenergic antagonist (Atipamezole, Yohimbine)
Moluscidides
Metaldehyde
all
neuro (continuous tonic convulsions, unresponsive), acidosis
inhibit GABA (hyperexcitability): decrease norepinephrine + serotonin (> decrease seizure), increase MOA > severe electrolyte disturbances (increase muscle activity), metabolic acidosis
Rodenticides
Fungicides
Organomercurial
all
neuro (hyperesthesia, locomotor, seizures), GI, respi, cutaneous, renal, cardiac ; tremor mercurialis syndrome (birds, pig)
cytoplasmic + metabolic toxicant, nefrotoxic, neurotoxic
Dimercaprol, Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)
Sulphur-based
horse, cattle
general (diarrhea: hydrogen sulfide odor), respi, cutaneous
Dithiocarbamates
Tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD)
pig, birds + dog
cortical nervous depression, GI
Metal dithiocarbamates (MTC)
ruminants + dog
cortical nervous depression, GI
Dinitrophenols + dinitroorthocresols
ruminants
hyperthermia, general, GI, tremors, renal, jaundice
stimulate oxidative metabolism > energy by ETC dissipated as heat > increase body T° > increase food consumption > fed normally but lose weight in a short time
Pentachlorophenols
inhibits oxidative phosphorylation: inactivates respiratory enzymes + destroys mitochondrial structure
all
respi failure, general, neuro, renal
Copper-based compounds
all
digestive (green feces), hepatic, cardiac arrest, hemolysis
caustic (ulcers), CV toxic, neuromuscular depressant, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, hemolytic, methemoglobinizing
acute: sulfur-based preparations, potassium ferrocyanide / chronic: ammonium molybdate, D-penicillamine
Herbicides
Chlorates
farm
digestive, tremors, hesitant gait, general, cyanosis, hematuria
irritating effect on digestive mucosa, hemolysis, MetHb
methylene blue
Chlorophenoxy acid derivatives
teratogenic, carcinogenic
ruminants, dog
digestive, neuro, muscular (asthenia), + respi (dog)
Triazines
ruminants
general, locomotor, muscular, neuro
Feed additives
Salt (Sodium chloride)
disorders of nerve physiology + hydro-electrolytic imbalance
pig
acute: polydipsia, general, GI, neuro
poultry
acute: polydipsia, general, GI, neuro / chronic; anemia, diarrhea
cattle
acute: polydipsia, neuro / chronic: GI
Urea
ruminants
overacute or acute: neuro
breaks down into ammonia (powerful nervous + respi toxicant) + carbon dioxide
acetic acid
Organic derivatives of arsenic
pig
GI, neuro, amaurosis
birds
decrease growth, neuro
Copper (CuSO4)
ruminants
acute: GI (green feces), neuro, cardiac arrest / chronic: fatty liver degeneration, hemolysis
as copper-based fungicides
as copper-based fungicides
Chemical fertilizers
Nitrogen
NO3: irritant > congestion + bleeding in digestive tract, renal congestion
all
digestive, renal, hypoxia (by MetHb) / chronic: avitaminosis A
Phosphate
phosphorus > electrolyte imbalances
fluoride > disrupts calcium metabolism
all
general, renal, abdo pain
Potassium
GI mucosa irritation, negatively influences myocardial activity, renal failure, mineral imbalance
all
digestive, cardiac, renal failure
calcium salts