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Bone Health, can be found in, of, of, such as, such as, what are the, low…

- - - - Regulation of Blood Ca & Bone Mineralization
        
        At low blood Ca levels, parathyroid glands secrete PTH
        
        PTH stimulates activation of Vitamin D into calcitriol
        
        In kidneys
        
        Calcitriol and PTH stimulate Ca reabsorption
        
        In intestines
        
        Calcitriol enhances Ca absorption
        
        In the bones
        
        Calcitriol and PTH stimulate breakdown of bone by osteoclasts, raising blood Ca levels
      - Enhances phosphorus absorption
      - Immune Function
        
        Calcitriol is involved in the maturation of immune cells
  - - - Incorporated into chylomicrons --> lymph --> blood
  - - - Exogenous source
        
        Egg yolk
        
        Liver
        
        Fish/fish oils
    - - Endogenous synthesis
        
        affected by
        
        Skin colour, age, distance from equator, pollution, time of day of sun exposure
  - - - Rickets disease
        
        Caused by inadequate intake
        
        Bowed legs + malformed ribs due to poor mineralization of bones
    - - Osteomalacia
        
        Osteoid protein matrix for mineral deposit in bone formation does not mineralize properly
        
        results in
        
        Soft bones
        
        caused by
        
        kidney, liver, intestinal disease which reduce absorption + activation
        
        low intake/sun exposure
        
        repeated/closely spaced pregancies
  - - - Supplement use
- - - - One of the 3 hormones that regulate
        
        Bone and Teeth
        
        Blood Ca, indirectly
        
        High levels --> signals thyroid to secrete calcitonin
        
        Calcitonin inhibits Vitamin D activation by the kidneys
        
        Calcitonin limits Ca absorption in the intestines
        
        Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down down to lower Ca release into blood
        
        Partly composed of
        
        Hydroxyapatite, an element in bone crystal containing calcium and phosphorus
        
        Ca in hydroxyapatite can be replaced by Mg2+, Sr2+, Na+, or K+
        
        hold
        
        99% of calcium in the body
      - major role in
        
        Nerve Transmission & Muscle Contraction
        
        directly
        
        stimulation of muscles by an action potential opens Ca ion channels
        
        Influx of Ca allows muscle contraction
        
        low cellular Ca --> TETANY occurs
        
        high cellular Ca --> RIGOUR occurs
        
        Efflux of Ca allows muscle relaxation
      - required in
        
        Blood Clotting
        
        indirectly
        
        Ca involved in fibrin synthesis
        
        Fibrin is needed to form blood clots
      - preventive effect on
        
        Hypertension
        
        DASH diet
        
        Inverse relationship is seen when Ca intake is >1000mg/day
  - - - Mostly in the duodenum, enhanced by lactose
      - 25-30% of dietary Ca is absorbed
    - - Transcellular absorption depends on calcitriol in intestinal cells
        
        Estrogen enhances synthesis of calcitriol and increases Ca absorption
    - - Supplemental magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc which decrease absorption
      - Stage of life
        
        absorption is higher at 50% during pregnancy and in children to meet growth needs
      - High fibre diets (>50g/day), high fat intake, phytic acid, and polyphenols decrease absorption
      - Intake--> inversely proportional to absorption
  - - - results in
        
        decreased bone density, increased fragility
        
        Blood Ca is not indicative of Ca levels in the bone
        
        caused by
        
        Multifactorial disease
        
        Age
        
        Gender
        
        Hormones
        
        Race
        
        Physical activity
        
        Body weight
        
        Ca nutrition
        
        Genetics
        
        building peak bone mass reduces risk at older age
        
        from teen years up to age 25-30 with adequate Ca, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc and fluoride intake
  - - - results in
        
        high blood + urinary Ca levels
        
        potential damage to organs; Ca deposits into soft tissue
      - caused by
        
        Hyperthyroidism
        
        excess PTH production results in high blood Ca levels
  - - - Skim-milk is most nutrient dense
    - - Soy milk, orange juice
    - - Bioavailability decreased by oxalic acid
- - - - Nuts and seeds
      - Green leafy vegetables
      - Legumes, beans, and tofu
      - Whole grains
    - - Yogurt and Milk
      - Halibut
  - - - Against high blood pressure
      - Rates of heart disease
    - - Affects calcium balance -> needed for absorption of Vitamin D and PTH hormone
      - In mineral crystal structure
      - Calcium, educing dental cavities
      - Reservoir of Mg
    - - Neurotransmitter activity
      - Phosphate groups in ATP
      - inhibits
        
        Muscle contraction
        
        Blood clotting
  - - - Heavy perspiration
      - Renal disease, alcholism
      - Prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic use
    - - Irregular heart beat
      - Tetany at extremely low levels
      - Hypertension
      - Weakness, disorientation, irritability
    - - Rarely seen in healthy individuals
      - Develops slowly
- - - - Brewed tea
    - - such as
        
        Mouthwash, Chewing gum, toothpaste
    - - Seaweed
      - Seafood,shellfish
      - Fish and sardines
  - - - in teeth can cause
        
        More resistance to decay
        
        White specks or brown streaks = permanent discoloration
      - in bones cause
        
        Stiffness and pain in joints
        
        Brittle bones
        
        Osteoporosis
        
        Abnormal hardening
  - - - Inability to consume a wide variety of foods
      - Increased risk of dental cavities
      - Inability to chew properly
  - - - Teeth eruption
        
        leading to formation of
        
        Wisdom teeth (8-10 yrs of age)
        
        Permanent teeth (3-4 yrs of age)
        
        Baby teeth (20th wk of pregnancy)
      - Topical treatment protective
        
        antimicrobial properties
        
        Remineralize enamel lesions
      - Hydroxyl group in hydroxyapatite crystal = stronger crystal
        
        Fluorapatite
- - - - Usual intake for men: 1500mg/day
      - Usual intake for women: 1200mg/day
  - - - major intracellular anionic electrolyte, helps to maintain electrical and fluid balance
    - - acts as buffer in bloodstream
    - - higher energy phosphate bonds
      - Phospholipids in cell membranes and lipoproteins transport fat-soluble nutrients
      - activate B vitamins in enzyme reactions
      - essential for DNA and RNA growth
  - - - Teams with calcium
- - - - Activates osteoblasts to produce Osteocalcin
      - Helps Calcium absorption of the bones
    - - 4 of 13 Clotting Proteins require Vitamin K
      - Activates Prothrombin to form fibrin
  - - - Newborn infants
        
        Low levels produced in breast milk
        
        Low levels of Gut bacteria at birth
      - Individuals with malabrorption Disorders
        
        Celiac disease
        
        Cystic Fibrosis
        
        AIDS
      - People with frequent antibiotic use
    - - Clotting Issues
        
        Reduced Formation of clots
        
        Increasef risk of bleeding
        
        Easy to get bruises and internal bleeding
      - Bone Health Impacts
        
        Higher risk of fractures
        
        Reduced Calcium binding in Bone
        
        Decreased bone miineralization
  - - - Brocolli
      - Brussels Sprouts
      - Kale
      - Spinach
      - Cabbage
      - Bok Choy
    - - Liver
      - Eggs
      - Milk and Dairy Products
    - - Bacterial Synthesis in the gut
  - - - Very low risk from dietary sources
      - Use of synthetic Vitamin K (menadione)
      - Excessive intake of anticoagulant medications (e.g, Warfarin
    - - Hemolytic Anemia
      - Brain Damage
      - Jaundice