Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

India - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The EIC was made a regularised subsidiary of the British government after it's near bankruptcy in 1770
      - Its monopolies were removed in the 1813 and 1833 during the Charter Acts which extended the charters but removed the monopoly
      - Therefore they turned to governing india as a new source of income
    - - The gov slowly increased their control of India with a number of different laws that gave more power to parliament
        
        Regulating Act 1773
        
        Created a governing council of 5 in Calcutta with two members from the company and three from parliament so parliament had control
        
        The Governor generals would be approved by a council of 4 from the corwn
        
        EIC Act 1784
        
        Made the EIC a subordinate of the crown in all political functions
        
        Established a board of control to manage the EIC made up of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, secretary of state of India and 4 privy councillors appointed by the king
        
        The 1786 Act
        
        Enabled the governor general in special cases to override his council and therefore exercise executive power
    - - The EIC
        
        Had expanded from trading post during the 18th century using iots private armies from the Bengal, Madras and Bombay Presidencies
        
        The Company Nabobs profited significantly from the company and their corruption and poor management was a significant cause of gov intervention
      - The Governor
        
        The Governor of Fort William (Calcutta) became the governor general of India in 1833 under the Charter Act of 1833
        
        Where the role of the governor in Calcutta was originally to manage treaties and alliances, the role became the responsibility for administration and legislation of all territory under British Control
  - - - Structure
        
        There were three company armies
        
        There were both white and sepoy regiment in the armies that both were commanded by European Officers
        
        By 1820 the number of troops numbered 200,000 and in 1857 there were 277,746 troops with only 45,522 european soldiers
      - Function
        
        Supported Tax collection and administrative roles
        
        Ensured that local rulers signed treaties with the British as an act of self preservation or to protect themselves from others
        
        The armies were also used to seize and conquer territory
        
        Annexed Assam, Manipur and Checher between 1823 and 1826
        
        The North West
        
        Done out of fear for Russian invasion
        
        Auckland's Folly 1838-1842
        
        The first war in Afghanistan
        
        Major failing with 20,000 dead and 15 million lost
        
        Served to encourage Company to subdue the region
        
        Sind was annexed in 1843 with a decisive campaign
        
        Punjab took most of the 1840s until 1849 when it was brought under control
    - - The most important Presidency and the president of it was the governor general;
      - Cornwallis and the administrative structure
        
        Cornwallis developed the system in his code of regulations that would govern India for two centuries
        
        Land was divided into districts under a collector and landholders were settled with rights to land in return for fixed tax liabilities
        
        Collectors were supervised by the board of regulation in Calcutta
        
        Legal admin was given to local judges and magistrates that supervised the courts of appeal
      - The army
        
        Twice the size of the other two armies
        
        Army largely recruited from the higher castes that had particular privileges that they guarded jealously for anything that would pollute their caste
        
        Played a pivotal role in the annexation of the Punjab and the resulting enmity of the sikhs towards the sepoys was part of the reason for British survival in th ereblelion
- - - - The EIC increasingly became less tolerant of local customs and religions as theu were now governing not just taxing
      - The caused the growth of the paternalistic mindset, that the people needed to change and be improved
    - - increasingly British Women would go to India to find husbands
      - The Racial intermingling that had been common was now taboo and mixed race children were no longre accepted
      - Women would not visit the house of an English man with a India Wife or partner
      - By 1850 few company men had relationships with the locals as compared with 1780 where a 1/3 left details in their wills
    - - The evangelists did not like other religions in India and by extension the culture
      - They often attempted to convert the local population and destabilised the social system
  - - - The practice of highway robbery and ritual murder by strangling in service of the Hindu Mother Kali
      - Under Bentinck in 1820s, Acts were passed that outlawed Thagi and suppression began
      - The Thugge and Dacoity Department was created in 1835 to destroy the practice
      - 1,000 were transported or hanged for the crime and 3,000 tried and punished in total
      - Resulted in lots of self congratulations from the British who celebrated their success and so encouraged other modernising efforts
      - Not a widely hated campaign
    - - Sati was the practice of Hindu widows killing themselves on the funeral pyres of their husbands
      - Most common in the higher castes and the Bengal presidency and the Sikh Punjabi Kingdom
      - The campaign was driven by pressure from the missionaries and the views of Bentinck who without, the campaign would have not begun
      - Sati was abolished in 1829 and there were very serious concerns about the effect that a ban may have had on the population
      - For the higher castes, it was an attack on caste purity and the presumption of cultural superiority that rankled
      - Bentinck also banned female infanticide in 1795 and 1802
    - - Missionaries attempted to come to India but were banned by the Company, however this was reversed when the Evangelicals got enough power in parliament to insist on allowing the arrival of missionaries
      - Education
        
        One of the primary goals of the missionaries was to educate the local population in english and convert the higher castes
        
        The missionaries hoped that a new 'educated' class of Indians would rise up and weaken the traditional dominance of the Brahmin
        
        The Education Act of 1825 established English as the primary language of government and the higher leagla courts
      - The missionaries created tension across India as they were relentless in pursing their goals and did not care for the conflict that arose
- - - - The doctrine stated that Britain would intercede in the princely states under a number of conditions
      - The conditions:
        
        There was no legitimate heir at the ruler's death and so the state became British. This was in conflict with Hindu law that allowed for the succession of an adopted son at that time
        
        Britain judged the kingdom as being mismanaged such as where the ruler was corrupt
        
        Several rulers had their titles redefined as non-hereditary and so subject to the doctrine
      - Adwadh 1856
        
        This province was seized under the doctrine of lapse as the British judged the ruler as being debouched and extravagant
        
        Critically the region was the traditional recruiting ground of the Sepoys as well as being very prosperous
        
        The British announced that all landowners who could not prove their legal rights would have their land seized
        
        This caused outrage and was incredibly destabilising to the social order and therefore was a critical reason behind rebellion
        
        It was the seventh province to be taken
  - - - There was a rumor that the new ammo cartridges were greased with animal fat
      - This put the hindus and the muslims at risk as Hindus could not deal with the beef fat and muslims could not with pork
      - It appeared as confirmation that Britain was attempting to Christianify India and was the spark against the resentment of the actions and interference from Britain
    - - This act broke the tradition that the Bengali Army did not serve where it could not march as travel over water would pollute their caste
      - The Governor General wanted to use the army in Burma and so created the act
      - Only applied to new recruits but the sepoys feared that they would have to take part as well
      - As the Bengali army was largely made up of the higher castes this was a massive issue
- - - - The Rebels were not a cohesive force as there were the mutineering sepoys, landowners, peasants and local leaders who did not cooperate with each other and so the British were able to just continue to eliminate each resistance movement
      - The other presidency armies remained loyal to Britain and the area around Calcutta remained unaffected by the unrest. The Punjab sepoys still had a grudge against the Bengali Sepoys and so fought alongside the British
  - - - The British retribution was brutal
      - Villages were massacred
      - Rebels were forced to lick blood from buildings then forced to eat pork or beef and then hanged
      - In Delhi, the retaking was brutal and there was a slaughter and teh Bahadur Shah's three sons were arrested, stripped and shot
      - IN Peshawar 40 men were strapped to the barrels of cannons and blown apart
    - - Company Rule was ended
      - The Government of India Act 1858 ended company rule in India and India was ruled directly by Britain through a Viceroy
      - The Viceroy was accountable to parliament and there was a secretary of State for India and an India Council
      - A royal proclamation was issued that gave rights to the Indian People and gave them more concession with the tone being very conciliatory
    - - The Princely states no longer fell under the Doctrine of lapse
      - They were brought under indirect control using treaties that ensured that they continued to be in power because of the British dominance
      - They were cultivated as areas of conversatism and collaborators and was successful as they were loyal to British Raj until the end
    - - The landowners in Awadh had concessions made to them
      - Britain no longer attempted to reform land
      - The tex system was revamped and introduced an income tax on the wealthier urban groups
    - - Officials attempted to keep conversation out of official policy as much as possible
      - Proceeded very carefully when attempting to change customs and other issues such as the age of consent that was not changed until 1891
      - Missionaries continued to arrive and were unrepent about their role
    - - The massacres were a horrifying story and the racial prejudice continued to grow for the imperialists
      - The rulers drew into a tight enclave resisting the nationalism in the colonies and the liberal polices that were affecting britain
    - - The number of Sepoys was reduced and the number of British troops increased to 3:1 ration
      - Sepoys were recruited not from the high castes but the areas more loyal to Britain
      - The regiments were a mix of ethnicities and geographical areas
      - Regiments stationed near each other were of different backgrounds and ethnicities in an attempts to reduce the spread of rebellion
- - - - The mutiny would then spread to the rest of the Bengali Army
      - After the court martial of 85 sepoys for refusing to load the rifles all three sepoys regiments rose in revolt and attacked the Europeans and massacred them
    - - The British force held out for only 18 days and then were allowed safe passage on the river
      - Fighting then broke out as they were leaving and 400 were killed and then the remainging 200 were held and then massacred
    - - The fortified residence in Lucknow stood against the attackers for 5 months until they were able to be reinforced
      - They then held out for a bit longer then evacuated and abandoned the area