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Research methods - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Epistemological reflexivity: knowledge of strenghts/limitations of method. :
      - personal reflexivity: belief and expectations of researcher can influence results
  - - - Dominant response bias: occurs in a group interview setting when one of the participants influences the behaviour of the others.
      - Social desirability bias: participants who act in a way to be accepted by others
      - Sensitivity bias: change in answer on sensitive subject
      - acquiescence bias: The tendency of participants to respond "yes" to every question.
    - - confirmation bias: researcher using the investigation to with a firm belief their theory is true may influence the results
      - leading question: may influence participants response
      - Question order bias: order of the question influencing the following questions answers
      - sampling bias: participants not fit for the research
      - Biased reporting: leaving out findings the researchers think it is not "fit" for their report
  - - - Semi-structured interviews: a checklist of questions with no specific order
      - Unstructured interviews: participant driven, every question is determined by the previous answer
      - Structured interviews: list of questions are asked in a fixed order. Allowing comparison between participants
      - advantage: gain an in-depth data on people knowledge, feelings, and experiences
      - disadvantage: time consuming if there is a large sample
    - - Overt observation: participants are aware of being observed, may lead to demand characteristics.
      - Participants observation: observer become an active member of the observed group
      - naturalistic observation: observation carried out in a natural environment. The drawback is that it can be time consuming as certain behaviour may appeal at certain times.
      - Structured observation: record the data systematically and in a standardized way, for instance using a checklist of behaviour.
      - unstructured observation: no-predefined structure, simply registering participant’s behaviour
      - advantage: observe and gain data on the participant's behaviour
      - disadvantage: time consuming, observation bias may influence the datas, ethical concern in observing participant's without their consent
    - - Limitations: dominant response bias, difficulty in preserving anonymity and confidentiality
      - advantages: quick gain of information from multiple participants, create a more natural and comfortable environment, easier to answer sensitive questions, multiple perspective can be gained
    - - advantage: gain data on people interpretation on the content
      - disadvantage: researcher's bias may influence the report
    - - limitations: limited generalizability, time consuming, researcher bias.
      - advantage: allow an in-depth understanding and examination of single people or group
- - - - No variables are manipulated. Rather the variables are measured and try to establish if there is a presence of relationship or association between variables.
    - - Include Independent variables (IV) manipulated by researchers and Dependent variable (DV) that changes as a response to IV
        
        Confounding variables can influence the IV and DV relationship. Need to be controlled or eliminated.
      - allow cause-and-effect inferences
  - - - Independent measure design: random allocation of participants in a condition
  - - - Population validity: extent the the finding can be generalized to the target population
      - Ecological validity: extent the finding can be generalized from other environment
  - - - limitation: less control over confounding variables
      - advantage: high ecological validity
    - - Advantage: can be used when the IV is unethical, advantagenous for ecological validity
      - disadvantage: less control over confounding variables