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Evolution, genetics & behaviour - Coggle Diagram

- - - - DNA codes the synthesis of RNA
        
        RNA codes the synthesis of protein
      - DNA carries a diversity of information
    - - Phenotype: Outward manifestation, physical appearance, behaviour
      - Human proteins = building blocks of biological systems integral for our behaviour
  - - - Some are heterozygous (different alleles)
      - Others are homozygous (same alleles)
    - - A dominant gene has a stronger affect - phenotype
    - - Some pairs are different (heterozygous),
        
        Tt
      - others are the same (homozygous).
        
        TT, tt
        
        T= for tasting PTC, t= for not tasting PTC
        
        3 possibilities
        
        PTC Taster = Tt
        
        PTC Taster = TT
        
        PTC non taster = tt
        
        One parent = TT / other parent = tt
        
        One allele to an offspring from each parent
        
        4 children all Tt = PTC taster
      - Genes come in pairs.
    - - Some behaviours have HIGH HERITABILITY (affected by genes) e.g. Neuroticism, Alcoholism, Social Attitudes (twin and adoption studies)
      - pre-natal influences (environment) may seem to be genetic effects
  - - - Females = XX / Males = XY
    - - Y chromosomes are very small and less likely to carry genetic information than X chromosomes
        
        E.g. red-green colour deficiency - recessive allele, sex-linked
        
        A man (XY) with this recessive gene has this deficiency, a woman (XX) with this recessive gene may not necessarily have it
        
        Red-blue colour deficiency occurs similarly in men and women
- - - - Fossils - species changed through time
      - Similarities of related life forms - chimpanzees and humans share 98% DNA
      - Rapid population changes in organisms - artificial selection (breeding)
      - Geographic distribution - related species in the same island (marsupials: koala, kangaroo, opossum)
    - - a specific trait could lead to higher fitness in individuals (refers to adaptation). Such traits have (or will) spread within a population by a naturally occurring selection (refers to natural selection)
  - - - E.g. Language, over-imitation
- - - - e.g. TOPIC: Human nonverbal communication, KEY QUESTIONS: why do we do this? how do we do this?
        
        Historical sub-disciplines to study behaviour: Function, Evolution, Mechanism, Development
  - - - Adaptation for life on trees, long parental investment, complex communicative systems, etc.
      - Neocortical differences between primates and other mammals
    - - Social groups and dispersion
        
        Different types of social organisations, e.g., harems (sexual dimorphism)
        
        Often males disperse - matriline (social group around females)
      - Aggressive behaviours
        
        within group or fights with other groups
      - Affiliative behaviours
        
        allogrooming, social play and close proximity
        
        mothers and infants
      - Social cognition
        
        Long parental investment
      - Complex communication system
        
        vocalisations, facial expressions, gestures