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Chapter 27: Animal Diversity - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ectoderm Gives Rise to Outer Covering & Nerves
      - Endoderm is Digestive Tract & Internal Organs
    - - Ectoderm & Endoderm
      - Mesoderm (Between) Includes Muscles & Endoskeleton
  - - - Something for Muscles to Push Against
    - - Completely Lined with Mesoderm
      - Gut is Supported & Has Muscles
    - - No Mesoderm Between Cavity & Gut
    - - No Body Cavity
  - - - Meets World at 360°
      - Sessile (Attached)
      - Planktonic (Drifting)
      - Oral Side (Mouth But No Head)
      - Aboral Side (Bottom)
    - - Meets World at One End
      - Usually Head is Concentration of Anterior Concentration of Sensory Organs (Cephalization)
      - Active Lifestyle
  - - - Blastopore of Gastrula Becomes Adult Anus
      - Second Opening Becomes Mouth
      - Cleavage
        
        Radial
        
        Indeterminate
        
        Any Early Cell Can Become Complete Organism
      - PGD
        
        Removing One Cell Does Not Injure Embryo
        
        Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis
      - Hox Genes
        
        Control Large Groups of Genes During Development
        
        Transcription Factors
        
        Organized in Four Clusters in Vertebrates
    - - Blastopore of Gastrula Becomes Adult Mouth (Mouth First)
      - Cleavage
        
        Spiral
        
        Determinate
        
        Early Embryonic Cells Fated to Become Certain Body Parts
        
        Lose Any Early Cell Causes Defect or Death
- - - - Differentiated Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems
    - - Cytoskeleton Supports Cell Shape
      - Vulnerable to Lysis & Water Loss
      - Osmoregulation
        
        Maintains Isotonic Conditions in Fluids Around Cells
        
        Hypotonic
        
        High Concentration Inside Causes Water Inflow & Lyses
        
        Isotonic
        
        Equal Concentration Inside & Outside Causes Equal Water Flow
        
        Hypertonic
        
        Low Concentration Inside Causes Water Outflow & Shriveling
    - - Protein-Rich Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
        
        Collagen (Protein Unique to Animals)
      - Protein Junctions
    - - Unique to Animals
      - Sensory Receptors Detect Stimulus
      - Motor Response Produces Movement
        
        Sensory Neuron
        
        Interneuron
        
        Motor Neuron
        
        Muscles
    - - Exchange Chemicals With External Environment
      - Maintain Internal Homeostasis Through Feedback Mechanisms
      - Key System Dead Results in Animal Death
    - - Some Parasites are Absorptive
  - - - Most Have Separate Sexes (May Change)
      - Some Hermaphoditic (Male & Female)
    - - Fragmentation & Regeneration
      - Budding
      - Parthenogenesis
        
        Rare Occurrence When Virgin Female Produces Eggs That Develop Into Offspring
    - - Sometimes All Males are Haploid
    - - Similar Genes, Such as Hox, Control Development
      - Zygote, Cleavage, Blastula, Blastocoel
      - Gastrulation
        
        Blastopore (Opening) & Archenteron (Space Within Space)
        
        Creates Germ Layers (Origins of Tissues)
        
        First Endoderm (Infolded) & Ectoderm Layers
        
        Mesoderm Forms Between
    - - Most Organisms Have Larval Stage Before Adulthood
      - Larva Differs in Form, Function & Habitat From Adult
      - Often Dispersal Stage
      - Go Through Metamorphosis to Adult Form
      - Gradual Change Without Larval Stage
- - - - Earliest Known Animal Fossils ~565 MYA
      - Soft-Bodied Sponges, Jellyfish, Worms
  - - - Almost All Major Phyla & Other Extinct Phyla
      - First Mineralized Skeletons & Shells
    - - Ends 251 MYA
      - Vertebrate Fish Dominate Seas
      - Arthropods Invade Land
      - Vertebrates Invade Land (Amphibians)
      - First Reptile-Like Amniotes
  - - - Small, No Cell Walls or Fossil Record
      - Collar Cell & Genetic Evidence
      - First Animals Sponge-Like 710 MYA