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SEPARATING MIXTURES 🧪(Kaelen), APPARATUS >:) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Chemists need pure substances to study their chemical and physical properties
    - - Impurities in drugs and food can produce unwanted side effects, so purity is very important in pharmaceutical industry
    - - Air contains useful substances such as oxygen and nitrogen which have their respective applications
        
        Seawater contains table salt for cooking or preserving foods
        
        Reservoirs provide freshwater for drinking
        
        Crude oil contains useful fuels such as petrol and kerosene
- - - - Sublimation🥶
        
        What?
        
        It is used when one of the solid substances can sublime when heating
        
        Examples of sublimed substances are dry ice, iodine crystals, naphthalene (or mothballs)
        
        It is used in printing process that uses heat to transfer dye onto paper or fabric to produce photographic prints
        
        Application in real life
      - Magnetic attraction 🧲
        
        What?
        
        Magnets are used to separate magnetic materials from non-magnetic materials in a mixture
        
        The magnetic materials are iron, steel, nickel and cobalt
        
        For example: Iron fillings can be separated from sulfur powder in a mixture.
        
        Application in real life
        
        It is used in printing process that uses heat to transfer dye onto paper or fabric to produce photographic prints
    - - Evaporation♨️
        
        What?
        
        Steps :0
        
        First, the solution in the evaporating dish is heated until the solvent has dried up completely.
        
        Then, dried crystals are obtained in the evaporating dish.
        
        It is a method to separate a dissolved solid from a solution by heating the solution to dryness
        
        This method is used if the dissolved solid is a heat-stable substance. This means that it will not decompose upon strong heating.
        
        Application in real life
        
        Common salt is obtained through evaporation of seawater.
        
        Evaporation
      - Filtration💧🪨
        
        What?
        
        It is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. For example: Filtration can be used to separate chalk powder from water
        
        How can filter paper separate an insoluble solid from a liquid?
        
        Ans: A filter paper has very tiny pores, only the particles with the size smaller than the pores can pass through the pores.
        
        The insoluble solids have larger particle size, so they are trapped on the filter paper.
        
        Application in real life
        
        The tea bags prevent tea grains from spreading in water.
      - Crystallisation💎
        
        What?
        
        It is a method to separate a soluble solid from its solution which is not heat-stable. The soluble solid that is not heat-stable
        
        Application in real life
        
        Crystallisation is an important application in food technology. For example, the table sugar is obtained from sugar beet or sugar cane by crystallisation.
        
        Steps :D
        
        First, the salt solution is filtered to remove any solid impurities.
        
        Secondly, the filtrate is heated to remove most of the solvent until the solution becomes saturated. A saturated solution enables the crystals to form easily.
        
        Next, the saturated solution is left to cool gradually to allow the formation of large-size crystals.
        
        Lastly, the crystals are filtered and washed with little cold distilled water to remove impurities. They are then dried between filter paper.
      - Chromatography🏳️‍🌈
        
        What?
        
        Steps ;-;
        
        First, a small amount of concentrated sample is placed on the starting line of a chromatographic paper.
        
        Secondly, the chromatographic paper is placed inside a beaker containing a solvent. The solvent is below the starting line.
        
        Next, as the solvent moves up the paper, it separates the sample into its respective components.
        
        1 more item...
        
        - Different components in a mixture have different solubility in a solvent
        
        It is useful to separate and identify small amounts of substances that are dissolved in a solvent, such as dyes in coloured ink.
        
        Application in real life
        
        It is used to identify pollutants present in water.
        
        It is also used to check if the food sample contains permitted chemicals such as artificial colourings and flavourings.
      - Simple distillation🧪
        
        What?
        
        APPARATUS >:)
        
        Condenser:
        
        Water flows in anti-current to the flow of vapor-> why?
        
        Ans: This ensures that the coldest part of the condenser is present before the vapor escapes. Thus, it allows most of the vapor to condense effectively before leaving the apparatus.
        
        Boiling stones:
        
        They smoothen boiling by reducing bumping of liquid during boiling and also to prevent overheating of the liquid being distilled
        
        Thermometer:
        
        It is placed near the opening of the condenser to measure the temperature of the vapor accurately
        
        Conical flask:
        It is used as the receiving flask because the narrow neck of the flask can reduce the loss of the distillate through splashing
        
        - It is used to separate a liquid from a solid-liquid mixture.
        
        For example:
        Pure water can be separated by seawater through distillation
        
        Application in real life
        
        It is used to extract the natural oils from flowers and herbs for making perfumes.
        
        The technology of simple distillation improves the quality of drinking water
    - - Fractional distillation ⚗️💨💧
        
        What?
        
        - It is a process used to separate two or more MISCIBLE LIQUIDS in a mixture.
        
        For example:
        Alcohol can be separated from water in alcoholic drinks.
        
        Fractional distillation is able separate different liquids in a mixture because they have different boiling points.
        
        In fractional distillation, a liquid with a lower boiling point will be distilled first.
        
        The fractionating column allows a liquid of higher boiling point to condense and fall back during the distillation of a substance of lower boiling point. This ensures a more efficient separation of different liquids.
        
        Application in real life
        
        To separate petroleum into useful products such as petrol, kerosene and diesel oil.
        
        To separate useful gases from air such as oxygen and nitrogen