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組織第四周, Osteoblast activity markers, 下方是 subchondral bone cancellous bone,…

- - - - Mineralized ECM
        
        Providing support and protection
      - Calcium phosphate
        
        hydroxyapatite crystals氫氧基磷灰石
        [Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2]
        
        Storage site for calcium and phosphate
        
        Homeostatic regulation of blood calcium levels
    - - Collagen (90% of the total weight of the bone matrix
        
        膠一
        
        膠五
        
        膠三膠十一膠十三
      - Noncollagenous proteins 就是背景中的物質
        
        Proteoglycan marcomolecules
        
        Core protein + glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
        
        Ex. Keratan sulfate: contain osteoadherin
        
        compressive strength
        
        Multiadhesive glycoproteins
        
        Dentin matrix protein (DMP):
        
        對於礦物化很重要
        
        Bone sialoproteins (BSP 1):
        
        mediates attachment of cells to bone matrix
        
        Podoplanin (E11):
        
        由硬骨細胞製造
        
        BSP 2:
        
        mediates cell attachment and initiates calcium phosphate formation during the mineralization process
        
        Osteonectin
        
        膠水的功能，將膠原蛋白與 氫氧基磷灰石 粘在一起
        
        Growth factors and cytokines
        
        TGF β (transforming growth factor β
        
        PDGFs (platelet derived growth factors)
        
        TNF α (tumor necrosis factor α
        
        BMPs (bone morphogenic proteins):
        
        mesenchymal cells
        
        osteoblasts，OP-1 (osteogenic protein 1, recombinant human BMP 7)
        
        IGFs (insulin like growth factor)
        
        Sclerostin: a BMP antagonist
        
        拮抗
        
        Interleukins (IL 1, IL 6)
        
        Bone specific, vitamin K dependent protein
        
        Osteocalcin
        
        在血循中捕獲鈣質，刺激蝕骨細胞
        
        Protein S
        
        膠水的功能，將膠原蛋白與 氫氧基磷灰石 粘在一起
        
        Matrix Gla protein
        
        participates in the development of vascular calcifications
  - - - Compact bone (dense
        
        lamena 骨板
      - Spongy bone (cancellous
        
        Trabeculae 骨樑
        
        bone spicules骨針
    - - periosteum ( 外骨膜
        
        纖維樣的DICT cover the outer surface of bone
        
        fibrous layer
        
        collagenous fibers
        
        Sharpey ’s fibers
        
        cellular layer
        
        Fibroblasts
        
        Periosteal cells
        
        osteoblast
      - lamellae ( 骨板
        
        Inner and outer circumferential lamellae( 內、外周邊骨板
        
        concentric or Haversian lamellae( 同心骨板圍著 Haversian canal
        
        interstitial lamellae( 間質骨板
      - endosteum ( 內骨膜
        
        inner surface of bone marrow and large Haversian canal
        
        DICT thin
      - canals
        
        Vascular and nerve
        
        Haversian canals
        
        Volkmann’s canals
      - Structural units: osteons (Haversian sys.)
        
        Haversian canal
        
        Canaliculi: containing the processes
        of osteocytes
        
        Concentric lamellae
  - - - Lifespan of osteocytes: 10~20 years
      - Enclosed by bone matrix 哪個細胞分泌的？
      - In lacuna
      - Cell processes (~50)
        
        enclosed by canaliculi
      - gap junctions osteocyte (or bone lining cells)
        
        osteocyte (or bone lining cells)
      - osteocyte hemichannels
        
        extracellular matrix
      - 機械傳導
        
        mechanical forces
        
        interstitial fluid flow out
        
        transient electrical potential (streaming potential)
        
        open voltage gated calcium channels
        
        intracellular [Ca+] ↑
        
        1 more item...
      - Osteocytic remodeling
        
        mechanical stress ↓，osteocytes 製 Matrix metalloproteinases
        
        mechanical stress ↑ osteoblasts 製 matrix
      - 三階段
        
        Formative osteocytes ( 形成期)
        
        Characteristics similar to those of osteoblasts
        
        略多rER，略多golgi
        
        Osteoid in the pericellular space within the lacuna
        
        Resorptive osteocytes ( 吸收期)
        
        略多rER，略多golgi
        
        Lysosomes
        
        分泌MMP
        
        骨細胞骨質溶解
        
        Quiescent osteocytes ( 靜止期)
        
        少量rER，少量golgi，Osmiophilic lamina ( 嗜鋨層板 ): mature calcified matrix
    - - Bone surface without remodeling
        
        External bone surfaces
        
        periosteal cells
        
        Internal bone surfaces
        
        endosteal cells
        
        Flat, attenuated cytoplasm, less organelles
        
        功能
        
        maintain and support nutrition to osteocytes
        
        Regulate the movement of calcium and phosphate into/out of bone
    - - cuboidal or polygonal shape , single layer
      - 分泌 osteoid 類骨質 unmineralized
        
        Type I collagen
        
        Bone matrix proteins:
        
        Multiadhesive glycoproteins:
        
        Such as bone sialoproteins (BSP-1, BSP-2)
        
        Thromobospondins
        
        calcium binding proteins，如
        
        osteocalcin骨鈣素
        
        osteonectin骨黏素
        
        Proteoglycans and their aggregates
        
        Tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP ，組織非特異性磷酸酶
      - Calcification of bone matrix:
        
        分泌 matrix vesicles
        
        initiate calcification
      - Active osteoblast
        
        rER較多，也較多golgi
        
        嗜鹼性
        
        PAS(+) granules, ALP reaction
      - Inactive osteoblasts
        
        flat or attenuated cells，resemble osteoprogenitor cells
      - 20% 變為 osteocyte，80%others 變為apoptosis, periosteal or endosteal bone lining cells
      - Derived from osteoblasts
    - - Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRPA, 抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶
        
        as a marker of osteoclast activity and differentiation
      - Multinucleated cell
      - In Howship’s lacuna: Active site of resorption
      - Lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria
        
        嗜酸性
      - Ruffled border ( 褶狀邊 )  面對 matrix 有細胞質的突起和微絨毛
    - - flattened or squamous , elongate or ovoid nuclei, slightly basophilic cytoplasm
      - Core binding factor alpha I ( CBFA 1 ), also called runt related
        transcription factor 2 ( RUNX2 啟動分化程序
        
        IGF 1 and IGF 2 刺激骨元細胞增生並分化為成骨母細胞
        
        Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) BMPs): 與成骨母細胞分化有關
  - - - e.g., carpal bones
    - - e.g., the bones of the calvaria, scapula, sternum
    - - e.g., tibia
      - 典型長骨的結構
        
        Diaphysis
        
        Spongy bone ( 很少
        
        Compact bone ( 多
        
        Epiphysis
        
        articular surface (with hyaline cartilage)
        
        Spongy bone ( 多）
        
        Compact bone ( 少
        
        Metaphysis
        
        Marrow cavity (medullary cavity):
        
        Red bone marrow
        
        成人sternum, iliac crest
        
        blood cells, reticular cells, fibers
        
        Yellow marrow : fat cells
    - - e.g., vertebra, ethmoid bone
- - - - Chondrocytes(5%)
      - extracellular matrix (95%)
    - - permits diffusion between vessels and chondrocytes
  - - - Lacunae
      - Cartilage Matrix: Homogenous, amorphous
        
        9% Proteoglycans:
        
        單體Aggrecan
        
        Chondroitin sulfate+ keratan sulfate + core protein
        
        聚合物
        
        Hyaluronan + > 300aggrecan
        
        5% Multiadhesive glycoproteins
        
        As noncollagenous and nonproteoglycan linked glycoproteins
        
        influence interactions between the chondrocytes and the matrix molecules, 如
        
        fibronectin
        
        tenascin
        
        Anchorin CII (collagen receptor)
        
        as markers of cartilage turnover and degeneration
        
        15% Collagen molecules:
        
        The major matrix protein
        
        Cartilage specific collagen molecule
        
        膠九
        
        膠十
        
        膠六
        
        膠十一
        
        膠二
      - 3~5%Chondrocytes
        
        軟骨細胞質為 basophilic(因為rER)
        
        glycogen
        
        Fat droplets
        
        rER
        
        Produce and maintain the extracellular matrix
        
        Isogenous groups
        
        territorial matrix
        
        中CS
        
        膠二
        
        膠九
        
        interterritorial matrix
        
        低CS
        
        capsular (pericellular) matrix
        
        高CS
        
        膠六
        
        binds to integrin receptors
        
        膠九
        
        Metalloproteinases: degrade cartilage
      - Perichondrium
        
        但是有兩處沒有:
        
        articular surface (-)
        
        fibrocartilage (-)
      - Intercellular water
        
        bound tightly to the aggrecan-hyaluronan aggregates
        
        結合較弱的水分
        
        diffusion of small metabolites to and from the chondrocytes
    - - Resists compression
      - Provides cushioning, smooth, and low friction surface for joints
      - Provides structural support in respiratory system
      - Forms foundation for development of fetal skeleton and further endochondral bone formation and bone growth
    - - Articular cartilage:
        
        Articular surface and the opposite surface 與硬骨相接 ) have no perichondrium
        
        Four zones:
        
        SZ
        
        IZ
        
        DZ
        
        CZ
      - Epiphyseal growth plates
        (epiphyseal discs, 骨骺盤
  - - - contains elastic fibers (branching)
      - does not calcify during the aging process
      - 染色方式
        
        orcein
        
        resorcin fuchsin
    - - Provides flexible support for soft tissue
    - - external ear, walls of the external acoustic meatus, auditory (Eustachian) tube, and epiglottis of the larynx
  - - - DRCT (thick collagen fiber bundles) + hyaline cartilage
      - Chondrocyte:
        
        更小顆
        
        常常排排站
      - 少量的 cartilage matrix:
        
        膠一
        
        多versican
        
        膠二
        
        少aggrecan
    - - Resists deformation under stress
    - - intervertebral discs ( 椎間盤 ), the pubic symphysis 恥骨聯合 ), articular discs of the sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints, menisci of the knee joint ( 半月板 ), triangular fibrocartilage complex of the wrist, and certain places where tendons attach to bones.
  - - - The process of cartilage development
      - arises from mesenchymal cell
      - Mesenchymal or ectomesenchymal cells
        
        chondrogenic nodule
        
        chondroblasts
        
        chondrocytes
        
        Cartilage matrix/transcription factor SOX-9
        
        Transcription factor SOX-9
      - cartilage growth continues via a combination of two processes:
        
        Appositional growth 附著性生長
        
        由 perichondrium 的形成
        
        at the surface of existing cartilage
        
        Interstitial growth 間質性生長
        
        由 lacunae 內的軟骨細胞再分裂、並產生 matrix
        
        with an existing cartilage mass
      - mesenchymal tissue
        
        perichondrium
  - - - Avascularity of cartilage
      - the immobility of the chondrocytes
      - the limited ability of mature chondrocytes to proliferate
    - - 活化 pluripotential progenitor cells 多潛能先驅細胞
        
        很遺憾，少量 cartilage cells, 多為 dense connective tissue
  - - - the portion of articular cartilage that is in contact with bone tissue in growing and adult bones
        
        during an individual’s growth period (endochondral ossification)
        
        aging process