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Geography - Coggle Diagram
Geography
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: The Challenge of Natural Hazards
A threat to people or property
Different factors affect the hazard risk
vulnerability
Capacity to cope
Nature of natural hazards
Effects and responses
have primary and secondary effects
immediate and long term responses
Tectonic hazards
3 types - destructive, conservative and constructive
volcanoes and earthquakes
volcanoes occur at destructive and constructive plate
earthquakes occur at all three
living with hazards
lots of people live near volcanoes due to the rich soil
management can reduce the effects
Weather hazards
global atmospheric circulation
circular motion of air making a cell of circulation
affects weather and possibility of tornadoes / storms etc
tropical storms
typically form around the equator and head north
get bigger if over large bodies of water
example: Typhoon Haiyan - PRIM winds reach max 300+ mph, 8000 people killed, 1.9 mill homes destroyed / damaged, flooded farm lands. SEC: lack of clean water - disease outbreak, landslides
climate changes may have an affect
UK Weather
Climate change
Earth is getting warmer
Comes from a variety of sources
possible natural causes
affects the environment
manage climate change
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: The Living World
Tropical Rainforest
hot and wet all year round
high biodiversity
soil isn't very fertile
interdependent Ecosystems
plants/animals have adapted
Deforestation
reasons for deforestation
for small farming 20-25%
for wood 2-3%
commercial farming 65-70%
others: energy development, mineral extracting, road building ECT
Hot deserts
fragile interdependent ecosystems
typical short plants
most organisms don't need much water
animals have adapted to their environments
camels store fat in humps to break down into water
mostly nocturnal animals
low biodiversity meaning endemic (unique) animals to the desert
global warming makes deserts hotter forcing animals to leave the desert
desertification
desertification is the degradiation of land of land (slowly becomes a desert)
caused by
human factors
cutting down trees causes less shade
overgrazing, too many animals eating grass
over cultivation, same crops planted continually removing nutrients
^over population, more of the above ^
physical factors
global warming causing less rain in dry climates
global warming causes more heat/evaporation
Cold Environments
polar and tundra
soil
ice sheets cover soil
soil is thin acidic and isn't fertile
under thin soil is a layer of permafrost storing greenhouse gasses
plants
few plants,lichens and mosses grow on rocks
hardy shrubs, grasses, mosses and lichens are common
typically, dormant in dark/cold winters
small leaves
fragile interdependent ecosystems
HUMAN ENVIRONMENT: The challenge of resource management
Foody security
physical factors
climate, may not be able to support crops
amount of water
pests and diseases
human factors
poverty
conflict, fighting may cause farmland damage
technology, may produce better farms
new technology to increase food supply
hydroponics and aeroponics
aeroponics, plants are suspended in air, nutritious water is sprayed on roots
hydroponics, plants grow in nutrient soil supported by rockwool, gravel, clay balls etc.
biotechnology
genetically modifies/engineers food to be more resistant
engineers crops to produce more in smaller areas
can produce food with more nutrients
ethical and environmental concerns
GM crops may reduce biodiversity
GM plants may interbreed w/ wild plants and pass on their genes or disrupting ecosystems
green revolution aims to increase yields sustainably
GM crops made more resistant to pests, needing less pesticide
traditional and organic farming
soil nutrient recycling
crop rotation
using natural predators to sort out pests
high tech methods like hydroponics are expensive so aren't too common
irrigation
disadvantages
project aimed to irrigate 30000 hectares but only produced 10%
canals were not cleaned causing water loss and less productivity
expensive water charges makes farming difficult, only 22% of farmers are above the poverty threshold
many people were moved for the construction, some weren't compensated
the damn is sometimes opened to manage water levels causing severe flooding causing 15 deaths and 11000 hectares of land flooded
advantages
by 2012 1800 hectares of padded fields had been created producing 12500 tons of rice
hydropower from a damn supplies 10% of Burkina Faso's electricity
project created more than 1500 jobs
Energy
UK's carbon foorprint
18% recreation
14% heating
13% food
13% household
9% clothing
12% hygiene
7% comuting
6% air travel
8% other
sustainable deisgn
insulation, less energy needed for heating
efficent boilers, less energy for heating
solar panels
Transport
electric vehicles
biofuel, waste products can be used as fuel
demand reduction
government can offer tax relief to electrical efficient companies
improving public transport
encourage walking/ biking
fitting smart energy meters in people's homes making them aware of the electricity being used encouraging them to reduce energy
Energy supply
energy supply is reduced but is renewable
nonrenewable resources are running out