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02 THE ENLIGHTENMENT: THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM, image - Coggle Diagram
02 THE ENLIGHTENMENT: THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM
1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Enlightenment thinkers were noblemen, the bourgeoisie and clergymen alike.
Enlightenment brought together the ideas of the main cultural and philosophical movements of the previous centuries
new intellectual movement appeared
In the 18th century
that would develop until the end of the century, the Enlightenment.
Like:
Espiricism
Rationalism
Humanism
society in the 16th to 18th
largely illiterate
This made it difficult to universalise and understand ideas and discoveries.
On many occasions
resistance from political and religious power
It was an optimistic intellectual movement that expressed hope in the future through different ideas:
Progress
Reason
Happiness
The scientific and intellectual advances that took place during the European Modern Age
not accepted by everybody
2 THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
In general, they wanted to limit it to basic knowledge, reserving most important knowledge for intellectual elites.
Enlightenment
led to
scientific and technical innovations
Enlightenment thinkers supported extending education to the people and ensuring that the Church did not monopolise it.
The development of the Enlightenment caused the Church and absolutism to lose part of their influence
They placed a lot of importance on education and pedagogy.
also encouraged certain improvements.
Enlightenment was mostly a reformist movement
defended its aims through reforms of politics, society, the economy and culture
As these were important achievements
some Enlightenment thinkers understood they were insufficient to achieve triumph of reason, progress and happiness
so a more radical critique of the political and social system emerged.
Thinkers:
Voltaire
were the intellectual link that united the Enlightenment
Rousseau
Montesquieu
3 THE SPREAD OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS
Enlightenment ideas were spread by word of mouth in gatherings of the nobility and upper middle class, in coffee houses, taverns and salons.
they were spread by the Encyclopédie
Encyclopédie
28 volumes
published between 1751 and 1772
Edited by French Enlightenment thinkers Diderot and D’Alembert
summarise the knowledge of the era
the most important book of the Age of Enlightenment
Topics and ideas were organised alphabetically
25,000 people subscribed to it.
salons were usually known by the name of the people that organised them
new Enlightenment ideas were printed in the press and in books
Reading societies were also established.
number of books published increased significantly during the Enlightenment.
In England the number of titles published increased from 21,000, in 1710 to 65,000, in 1790.
These acted as the first public libraries from which books could be borrowed.
Books on religion were replaced by books on science, the arts, philosophy and literature.
Scientists and intellectuals gathered in academies
where lectures were given, scientific and literary works were read and practical work was carried out
dictionaries and statistics on population, professions and income
scientific and archaeological expeditions; industrial projects, etc.
topographical, agricultural and climate studies
These studies usually supported by monarchs
monarchs created important academies .
St. Petersburg (Russia)
Berlin (Prussia).
academies of sciences in Paris (France)
4 WOMEN IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Some women protested about women’s social situation and tried to improve
SALONS: MARIE-THÉRÈSE RODET
Marie-Thérèse Rodet became famous for starting her own salon
From an early age, Marie-Thérèse Rodet (1699–1777) attended the literary salons of Paris
Her guests included
Montesquieu
Voltaire
Benjamin Franklin
Suzanne Curchod
known as Madame Necker
Diderot
Gustav III of Sweden.
D’Alembert
Enlightenment promoted the exchange of ideas for the progress of knowledge
women experienced inequality and subordination compared to men,
SCIENCE, LITERATURE AND ART
Womens:
MARÍA GAETANA AGNESI
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
ÉMILIE DU CHÂTELET
Women made important scientific and cultural contributions during the Age of Enlightenment.
As well as organising salons, more and more women began to work in professions previously only worked in by men.
