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EXAM II - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Chlorophyll similar to hemoglobin
    - - This is why plants appear green
    - - Passed to electron acceptor; Falls back to original orbital
        
        Energy released as
        
        Heat
        
        Fluorescence
    - - Second most common is Chlorophyll B (different absorption range)
      - A & B have accessory pigments
        
        Carotenoids
        
        Help broaden absorption range (also sunscreen)
  - - - Some of this energy is used to create energy rich molecules
    - - PSII and PSI are connected by the ETS
        
        Electrons grabbed from PSII by pheophytin
        
        Passed to plastoquinone (PQ)
        
        Passed to cyt b6f
        
        Passed to plastocyanin; Then reached PSI
    - - Once the electrons from PSI reach this, they're passed to NADP
  - - - Electron passes from PSI to NADP
        
        Once NADP+ is oxidized, it becomes NADPH
        
        NADPH is a better energy courier than ATP
        
        Began as a Sulphur bacteria
  - - - This O2 diffuses out of stomata; Leaves behind protons
  - - - Stores energy from ATP
      - Oxidizes NADPH
      - Reduced to G3P
    - - The "Carbon shuffle"
      - Gets RuBP back
      - 5 c3 molecules
    - - CO2 binds to RuBP (C5)
        
        Breaks into 2 C3 molecules
- - - - Sporophyte embryo 2N
      - Sporophyte 2N
      - Fertilized egg (zygote) (and first cell of sporophyte) 2N
      - Meiosis of mother spores in the sporangium 2N
      - Egg and sperm are fertilized
      - Spores 1N
      - Product from gametophyte (either Egg or Sperm) 1N
      - Cycles back to the gametophyte 1N
      - Gametophyte (adult spore) 1N
- - - - Apomorphy shared by two or more taxa
      - Synonymous with homology
      - Hypothesized to have evolved from their most recent ancestor
    - - Trait has gained or lost independently in separate lineages during evolution
      - Convergent evolution leads to species independently sharing a trait that is different from the trait inferred to have been present in their common ancestor
  - - - Specialized organ systems
      - Large complex plants
        
        Bifurcating branches
        
        Isotomous: equal branching
        
        Anisotomous: Unequal branching
        
        Evolved prior to vascularzation
        
        Indeterminacy
        
        Grow continuously
        
        Produce new organs
        
        produce new tissue
        
        From shoot apex
        
        Likely evolved after vascularization
        
        Vascular plant synapomorphy
- - - - Gymnosperm
        
        Microgametophyte no longer restricted to water
        
        Megagametophyte protected by integuments
      - Angiosperm
        
        Microscopic gametophytes
        
        indeterminate growth #
  - - - Liverwort
      - Bryophyta
  - - - Female gametophyte: Mega
      - Male gametophyte: Micro
    - - Retained with spore wall
      - Sperm must still swim to egg
      - Heterosporous
      - Both male and female gametophyte develop in spore wall