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Biochemisty - Coggle Diagram

- - - - H2O is added to break the covalent bond
      - Enzymes assist with condensation RxN's
  - - - Can be recognized in 3 ways
        
        1) removal of an O
        
        2) gaining H+
        
        3) gaining an e
      - Oxidizing agent
        
        The substance that gains e's (reduced)
      - RxN's gain e's
    - - RxN's lose e's
        
        Can be recognized in 3 ways
        
        1) O added
        
        2) H+ removal
        
        3) e removal
- - - - They provide structural support
      - Transport substances around the body
      - Regulate cellular processes
  - - - The structure forms when a OH from the carboxyl of one amino acid and the H from another amino acid form water(condensation reaction).
        
        20 different side chins (R group)
- - - - It's an energy source
      - Builds macromolecules
      - Takes part in the digestion and metabolism, and oxidation of protein and fat
  - - - In water the hydroxyl group reacts with the aldehyde ketone group and forms a ring like structure.
        
        beta-glycose
        
        OH group points upward
        
        alpha-glucose
        
        OH group points downward
    - - Are 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bond (condensation reaction). It is considered an alpha link when the bond between the molecule is pointing downward. When the bond is pointing upward it's considered a beta link.
        
        Maltose: glucose + glucose.
        
        Surcose: glucose + fructose
        
        Lactose: glucose + galactose
  - - - Starch: Links alpha-glucose together for storage
        This forms amylose and amylopectin ,a polymer of glucose in plants
      - Glycogen
        Similar to amylopectin but has many more branches.Polymer of glucose in animals
      - Cellouse:Is created when beta glucose links together. OH groups form hydrogen bonds with other cellulose molecules which creates microfibrils. The microfibrils go on to intertwine and create.
        Humans cannot digest cellouse
- - - - Competitive Inhibitors
        
        This inhibitor competes with the substrate and binds to the active site thus blocking the substrate from binding
      - Noncompetitive Inhibitors
        
        This inhibitor has its own binding site and binds to the enzyme. The substrate is still able to bind to the enzyme however the reaction is blocked.
- - - - They are made of three subunits
        A nitrogen - containing a base: adenice(A), Thymine (T), Guanine(G),Cytosine(C), Uracil (U)
    - - Reads info in the DNA and transcribes it into a polypeptide because DNA cannot leave nucleus
      - Structure
        
        2 stands running in a opposite direction (antiparallel) from a alpha helix. Phosphodiester bonds link nucleotides.Adenine and Guanine are purines and Cytosine and Thymine are pyrimidines
        
        The purines are pyrimidines bonded together via Hydrogen bonds. The complementary base pair are Adenine - Thymine and Cytosine-Guanine.
- - - - It's long-term energy storage
      - Building membranes and other cell parts
      - Insulate against heat loss and provides cushion around organs
  - - - Composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid
        
        Fatty acid chains are long C-H chains with carboxyl at one end. The chain is connected to glycerol molecule via Esterification
        
        Esterification
        Glycerol gives 3 H atoms and 3 fatty acids give their up a OH group resulting in the formation Ester linkage (Condensation reaction).
    - - Have a single bonds between C atoms which makes it contain the most H atoms
    - - Have more than one carbon double bonds and have a bent chains.They have fewer H atoms causing then to be liquid.
      - Hydrogenation: adding hydrogen atoms to an unsaturated fat result in a saturated fat.
    - - Have small hydrophobic rings and a functional group
        
        Example: Cholesterol, Vitamin D, Testosterone, Cortisone
        
        is hydrophobic
- - - - ex. Bacteria, Archaea
  - - - Nucleus
        
        The Nucleus is the brain on the cell that controls all the activity that happens within the cell. It house the nucleolus which is involved in creating proteins.
      - Ribosomes
        
        Ribosomes have a spherical shape and can be found in cytoplasm or on the top of curtain organelles. They synthesis proteins.
      - ER
        
        The endoplasmic reticulum is where protein is produced for the cells functions. The rough ER has a rough looking appearance due to the ribosomes being on the surface.
      - Cytoplasm
        
        Cytoplasm is a jelly like liquid that is within the cell.
      - Mitochondria
        
        The Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell . The chemical energy form the mitochondria is stored in ATP.
      - Lysosomes
        
        Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes break down old cell organelles and unwanted contains within the cell.
      - Golgi apparatus
        
        The Golgi apparatus is where lipids and proteins are packaged to be shipped off for various uses within and outside the cell
      - Cell membrane
        
        It acts like a protective barrier between the cell anything around it. It is also selectively permeable meaning only curtain molecules and ions are able to pass through the membrane. Other bigger molecules would have to find other mechanisms to do so.
        
        Structure
        
        Has a phospholipid bilayer structure that contains proteins that carry out different functions in the cell membrane. It has a hydrophobic interior that protects it from water-soluble substances that could potentially flow into the cell.
        
        Phospholipid bilayer: two layers of a phospholipids that is apart of the structure of cell membrane. It has a hydrophilic head and an hydrophobic tail.
        Cholesterol is found within the cell membrane. It strengthens and stabilizes the membrane and also helps maintain an hydrophobic environment
        
        Proteins are within the cell membrane to carry out functions such as transport, identity and signalling
        
        Example: Glycoproteins who give the cell and identity
        Transport proteins facilitate the transport of molecules. They provide a controlled passageway through the membrane via either active or passive transport
        
        Receptor proteins bind to curtain molecules that can signal a cellular response. This is called communication.
        
        Passive transport - is the transport of molecules from a high to low concentration gradient.
        
        Active transport- is the transport of molecules against the concentration gradient with the help of atp.
- - - - Phosphate system: Buffers the intercellular fluid of cells at physiological PH rage (6.9 and 7.4). Is only in the urine. If there is too much acid H2PO4
      - Bicarbonate system: Vital buffer system of blood plasma