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PARLIAMENTARIANISM AND ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM, image, image, image, image,…
PARLIAMENTARIANISM AND ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
Absolutism and parliamentarianism
Absolute monarchies
An ideology
Supported the superiority
Of the king's power over all others
A growing centralisation
Of political and administrative decisions
In the royal courts
A permanent army
Under the orders of the king
A royal treasury
Able to raise revenue
The marginalisation
Of the courts and parliaments
Parliamentary monarchies
Developed institutional and legal systems
That controlled the monarch's power
Through the action of the courts and parliaments
England
After the Glorious Revolution
The parliament chose
Mary II and her husband
As the new monarchs
On the condition
That they sign
The Bill of Rights
Limited the monarchs power
Recognised the rights of the individual
Remained stable
The major economic and social changes
Took place in England
The whole of Great Britain
Were based on this political context
Parliamentary republican political system
Remained in place
In some parts of Europe
Were governed by members
Of the nobility and wealthy middle class
These republics were common
In the Holy Empire and on the Italian Peninsula
They achieved high levels
Of economic and cultural development
Their inhabitants
Enjoyed certain individual freedoms
Weren't large states
They were weak
Against the military power
Of the great monarchies
The exception
The United Provinces
Formed its own colonial empire
Enlightened despotism
Characteristics
A variant of absolutism
Incorporated 'trickledown' reforms
Inspired by the Enlightenment
Didn't decrease the absolute power
Of the monarchs
It was implemented
In various European countries
Important Enlightened thinkers worked as
Government advisers
Ministers under absolutist monarchs
In France, Prussia, Spain and Russia
Their work was to rationalise
How monarchies functioned
To improve administrative and institutional bodies
And make them more efficient
Enlightenment ideas
Of universal progress and happiness
Monarchs thought
It would help them
Govern more efficiently
Legitimise their power
Academies
Were in charge of
Carrying out studies
Carrying out projects
That were in the interests
Of despotic governments
The sciences and arts
Were promoted
In the courts of Europe's monarchs
Additional reforms
Economic reforms
Their aim was to increase
Income from the royal estate
Improvements were introduced
In communication routes, agriculture, crafts and commerce
Manual workers
Were taught skills
Political reforms
Parliaments or courts
Were no longer convened
The provinicial government
Was reorganised
To strengthen territorial power
Regalist reforms
Regalists had their own entity
These reforms were designed
To gain privileges within the Church
The appointment of high positions
Bishops and abbots
The tax exemptions
Enjoyed by the clergy
Catherine 'The Great'
Catherine II
Empress of Russia (1762-1796)
Was in contact with
The most important Enlightenment thinkers
Diderot, Voltaire and D'Alembert
Only implemented the reformist ideas
That strengthened her power
In central and provincial government
But created different courts
For noblemen, the middle class and free peasants
Serfs were administered justice
By their masters
Her harsh policies for peasants
Led to popular uprisings
