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2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions, the structure of the atom - Coggle Diagram

- - - - ✅
    - - identical: ❌
    - - ❌: in nuclear chemistry, atoms can be changed
    - - ✅
  - - - charge/mass ratio----1.76*10^8 c/g
    - - charge
  - - - neutral particles in the nucleus
        
        Chadwick
    - - positively charged, specifically in the nucleus
        
        Rutherford
    - - negatively charged, surrounding the nucleus
        
        Thompson
  - - - 12
        
        mass number(number of protons plus neutrons)
      - 6
        
        atomic number(number of protons or electrons)
    - - atoms of the same element with different masses
  - - - spectrometer
- - - - composed of molecules
      - diatomic molecules
        
        containing two atoms
    - - empirical formula
        
        lowest whole-number ratio of atoms
      - molecular formula
        
        exact number of compounds
      - structural formulas
        
        order in which atoms are bonded
      - perspective drawings
        
        three-dimensional array of atoms
  - - - cation
        
        positive
        
        formed by elements on the left side o the periodic chart
      - anion
        
        negative
        
        formed by elements on the right side of the periodic table
    - - generally formed between metals and nonmetals
  - - - anion is an element
        
        +ide
      - cation can have more than one possible charge
        
        Roman numeral charge
    - - fewer oxygens ends
        
        +ite
      - more oxygen ends
        
        +ate
      - hypo-
        
        ite
      - per-
        
        +ate
    - - -ide/-ate
        
        -ic
      - -ite
        
        -rous
    - - mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-...
    - - meth-, eth-, prop-...
        
        alkanes
        
        -ane
        
        alcohol
        
        -ol
- - - - 1A
        
        alkali metals
      - 2A
        
        alkaline earth metals
      - 6A
        
        chalcogens
      - 7A
        
        halogens
      - 8A
        
        noble gasses
- - - - 1913 Bohr
        
        the modern-day model
        
        an atom is composed of sub-atomic particles – protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus and are themselves made up of smaller particles, whereas electrons orbit the nucleus.
        
        electrons orbit the nucleus on paths: the difference in energy of electrons at different distances from the nucleus
      - most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the centre, where negatively charged electrons orbit the central positively charged nucleus. The positive and negative charges balance to make the atom neutral