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Plastics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Clay is a fine-grained earth composed of aluminium silicates and other
        It's soft, porous, resistant to high temperatures and chemically inert
    - - We can make ceramics from clay through the following process
        
        Prepanng the clay. We clean the clay to remove traces of vegetable
        matter, then apply a breakdown process using rollers.
        
        Mixing. We add water, anti-grease agents, fluxes and colouring.
        
        Modelling. We shape the clay in the form of the oblect we want to
        make
        
        Drying. To allow all water to evaporate
        
        S. Baking in an mdustnal oven called a kiln at temperatures between
        700'C and I 700'C.
        
        Glazing and enamelling
    - - There are two large groups: structural ceramics and whiteware ceramics. Structural ceramics are permeable; whiteware ceramics are impermeable
  - - - Shaping techniques
        
        Shaping techniques
        
        We make glass by mixing sand, soda (which acts as a flux) and limestone. We heat this mixture to I 400'C; it then melts tn form a paste
        
        Mouild blowing
        
        We put the paste into a hollow mould with the shape of the object we want
        We close the mould and inject compressed air and when cooled we remove the object
        
        Float glass making
        
        We float molten glass on top of a layer of molten tin
        The glass spreads to form a sheet and we leave it to cool
        
        Lamination
- - - - Natural plastics are obtained directly from raw vegetable materials.
        For example latex
    - - Synthetic plastics are made from compounds extracted from
        petroleum, natural gas and carbon.
- - - - •mechanical: malleability, ductility, mechanical resistance
        
        • acoustic: acoustic insulation
        
        • electrical: electrical insulation
        
        • thermal: thermal insulation
        
        • ot h er properties: low density, tmpermeabihty
  - - - • Chemical recycling. We apply chemical processes to make new materials from the original components of plastic residues.
      - • Mechanical recycling. We make new products from plastic
        granules The process has five stages.
        
        Agglutination. The material is compacted and then incorporated
        into other materials.
        
        Extrusion. We melt the material, and then tt's extruded into long
        filaments.
        
        Floating. We wash the plastics and then dry them by centrifugal
        force
        
        Pelletising. The filaments are then reduced to granules that we call pellets.
        
        Separation and crushing. We separate the plastics according to type and then they' re crushed.
      - • Energetic recycling. We can incinerate plastics and the energy that is produced is used tn industry, for heating or producing electricity.
- - - - This technique has 4 stages
        
        We apply pressure by means of a large, rotating screw, which forces the melted matenal out, through a nuzzle.
        
        We cool the shaped material slowly In a refrigerated water bath until lt's solid.
        
        We put thermoplastic, in granular form, Into a previously heated cylinder
        
        Finally, we collect the pieces of plastic through a feeder system.
    - - Thermoplastic produced by the extrusion method ls passed through a series of hot cylinders to produce sheets of varying thickness
        
        With this technique, we can produce different finishes, for example, glossy, matt or textured. This depends on the outer coating applied by the final cylinder
    - - We then use a heater to heat the mould and soften the plastic.
      - We extract the air below the sheet so that the plastic is pulled against the inside walls of the shaped mould, and the desired form is created
      - We put thermoplastic into a mould.
      - We leave the mould to cool, then remove the obiect
    - - There are 3 techniques
        
        Blow moulding
        
        We put a tubular-shaped piece of plastic into a hollow mould which has the same shape as the object that we want to make
        
        We close the mould and blow pressurised air into it, so that the plastic adheres to the sides of the mould and takes its shape
        
        When the object is cold, we remove it from the mould.
        
        Compression
        
        We put thermostable plastic, which can be in granular form, into the base of a cavity mould.
        
        The outer part of the cavity mould, shaped the same, is closed to compress the material inside. We then heat it and it becomes soft and malleabie.
        
        The plastic adapts to the shape of the cavity between the two parts of the mould
        
        We extract the object when the plastic has cooled and solidified
        
        Injection moulding
        
        We inject melted thermoplastic into a mould
        
        When the material has cooled and solidified, we extract it from the mould
- - - - Perforating
        
        Drill bit
      - Filing
        
        File and rasp
      - Cutting
        
        cutter, scissors, fretsaw. jig saw, etc.
- - - - We can join and then separate objects with mechanical fasteners.
        
        Types: nut and bolt,standard screw and double ended screw
    - - We use this type of joint when we don't want to separate or dismantle the pieces
        We can useadhesive or soldering.
- - - - We get natural fibres from raw materials.
        The fibres are cleaned, untangled, stretched and dyed to make threads
        These threads are woven to make cloth.
        Leather is made from animal skins chemically treated to keep its quality and beauty
    - - Synthetic are plastics that are long-lasting, resistant and waterproof