Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Black Lives Matter in the UK and slave trade - Coggle Diagram
Black Lives Matter in the UK and slave trade
Toppling Edward Colston statue
phylantropist and slave trader in 17 ct
statue removed in 2020
Bristol in the south west of England is our twin city (both had difficult past on slave trade)
museum has exibition on slave trade
symbolised white colonialism
statues and place representation
statues are just one of many ways in which places, societies and their histories are represented
Landmark statues can make an important contribution to a place's present-day character
like any other form of artistic imagery, statues of human beings can divide opinion
not everyone will agree with the choice of who is memoralised as a statue - and who is not
conflict over statues
in june 2020 campaigners pulled down a 6 metre high bronze statue of slave trader Edward Colston located in Magpie Park in Bristol since
1885
for many years statue divided local opinion
Colston viewed as a generous local hero who paid for school and churches in Bristol in the late 1600s
on the other hand > criict Colston participation in the transatlantic slave trade (source of his wealth)
Edward Colston
active member of royal African company - becomes deputy governor briefly 1689-90
monopoly on the transatlantic traffic in enslaved Africans until 1698
84,000 enslaved African people (including 12 000 Children)
1680 most lucrative years in buisness (have owned over 40 ships)
became an MP
campaigned to keep the slave trade legal
philantropy
after his death 71,000 pounds to charity
schools, almshouses, hospitals and African Churches
Late 19 th century > patriarchal role model + emblem of charity
4 ppl accused of illegally removing a statue od Edward Colston have been cleared of criminal damage
Black Lives Matter in the UK
in the US
context
2012 Death of Trayvon Martin
shot by neigboorhood wath coordinator George Siderman -
was aquited!
2013 hashtag #blacklivesmatter (Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi)
against
systemic racism
racial profiling
police brutality
racial inequality in the US criminal justice system
25 may 2020 Death of George Floyd
died in Minneapolis ; Police sat on his neck for 9 minute
20 April 2021 Guilty verdict for Chauvun > first white minesotta Police officer to be convicted of murdering a black person
protests in the US > spread globally
Interview BLM in the UK , George Mpanga
similarities and differences between BLM in the USA and UK
parallels between african american experience and British experience
40% of poor households in UK are black but only 4% of UK is black
black and brown ppl account for half ppl in jail
interviewer compares it to "me too movement"
she sais that there are differences between US and UK
he talks about the legacy of british empire, it is a common and contemporary issue
Windrush Scandal
1948
. People from the caribbean came after WW2 to help rebuild the country
2018:
the efforts were not really taken into account >Administrative issues, not everyone having papers > no acess to health.. Wrongly detained / denied legal rights / threatened with deportation
Stop and Search
black ppl much more likely to be stopped and searched
Perceptions of human rights in the black community
"as a black person, I believe that my human rights are equally protected compared to white people in the UK"
Stongly disagree 30%
Disagree 45%
neither disagree or agree 12%
..
60% of black ppl do not believe that their health is equally protected
maternal death rate for black women in labour is 5 times higher than for white women
disproportion of impact of COVID on the black comunity
55% of black ppl consider they would not be treated the same as a white person by the police
over representation of black ppl in the criminal justice system
Police (2018/2019)
9.5 times more likely to be stopped and searched
5 times as likely to have force used against them
Prison 2020
7.7% of the prison population / 3.4% of the population in England and Wales
Black children
4% of the 10-17 year-old general population
4 times more likely to be arrested
3 times more likely to be given a caution or sentence
represent 33% of children remanded in youth custody
28% of the youth custody population
what was the transatlantic slave trade?
the slave trade : britain, West Africa and the Caribbean/ North America
Between 1501 and 1866> 12 Million Africans (2 million died en route)
led almost exclusively to the enslavement of black people
endentured labourers from island
brittain became wealthy thanks to the slave trade
bristol and the slave trade
extremely profitable
late 1730 : Bristol = Britain's premier slaving port
who benefitted
shipbuilders
slavers
merchants
tradespeople
manufacturer
gave jobs (sugar facturies..) > helped maintain local industries
LEA 1 :Multiculturalism in the UK
1 - Definition(s)
a theory about culture and it's values
the view that cultures, races and ethnicity, particularly those of minority groups, deserve special aknowledgment of their differences within a dominant political culture
Not synonymous with multicultural society , refers to a set of institutional, political and legal arrangements which ensure the recognition and fair, treatment of certain cultural identities
2- commonwealth immigration (former colonies)
Post WW2 British economic recovery (labour shortage)
British nationality act 1948
act to make provision for british nationality and for citizenship of the United Kingdom and colonies and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid
created status of "citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies" (CUKC)
right of abode / residence
arrival of "empire windrush 22 June 1948 "windrush generation"
3 - Reactions : Notting Hill riots 1958 "rivers of blood"
"teddy boys"
; white defence league ; "keep britain white" campaign
riots August / September 1958 : racially motivated - openly racist slogans chanted by rioters
20 april 1968 Enoch Powell (conservative MP, Wolverhampton) : it almost passes belief that at this moment 20 or 30 additional immigrant children are arriving from overseas in Wolverhampton alone every week - and that means 15 or 20 additional families a decade or two hence ... we must be mad as a nation to be permitting the annual infliw of some 50000 dependents...
4- Policies : "compensatory" legislation
1958 inaugurates period of open, public racial discrimination
government legislates -dual policy- limit and protect
Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 (
only those with governement-issued employment vouchers, limited in number, would now be allowed to settle
)
Commonwealth immigrants Act 1968 *restricted CUKC status for commonwealth immigrants to those born in UK or with one parent / grand parent born there
Race relations act 1965
first act to directly address discimination
illegal to refuse to serve a person, to serve someone with unreasonable delay, or to overcharge, on the gounds of colou, race, or ethnic or national origins
Race relations act 1968 * illegal to refuse housing, employment or public services to a person on the grounds of colour, race, ethnic or national origins
5 - deterioration
serious economic difficulties late 1670s
violent racism - "paki-bashing" (
agressions physiques vicieuses et non provoquées contre des immigrants pakistanais ou des personnes d'origine pakistanaise
)
Nationwide riots 1981
liverpool, manchester, birmingham
london - brixton - "stop and search" - race
unemployment 25%, even 50% among black youths
inner-city decline : poverty, bad housing
riots a regular occurrence : 1985,1991, 1992, 1995,2000
scarman report 1981
6 -progress - positive consequences?
trevor McDonald, newsreader 1973
1987 Diane Abbott, MP (today 50+ ethnic minority MPs
Sadiq Kahn, Mayor of London since 2016
Media visibility - positive
Chinese New Year
Diwali (Hindu)
Notting Hill Carnaval
7 - recent complications
Terrorism
"islmaism"
7/7 bombings, london 2005
Islamophobia
Rise of far right
National Front
British National Party
English Defence League
Europe-Wide problem (france, germany, Italy, Austria, Hungary...
eu dimension
brexit
Rise of UKIP(anti eu, electoral advances from 2013...)
controvery : multiculturalism - success or failure ?
february 2011 David Cameron (speech in Germany)
multiculturalism a clear failure : "under the doctrine of state multiculturalism, we have encouraged different cultures to live separate lives, apart from each other and the mainstream. We have failed to provide a vision of society to which they feel they want to belong. We have even tolerated these segregated communities behaving in ways that run counter to our values"
Communitarism, communalism (failure to promote social integration
"society" "nation" ? - *Benedict Anderson "an imagined community" : no longer possible to "imagine" britain?
Globalisation (migration, free movement)
identity politics (need for recognition)
ethnicity (key value in national census)