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Chap 8: Learning - Coggle Diagram

- - - - mental representation of a physical space or non-physical space
  - - - Bobo Doll Experiment
- - - - "stimulus without
        reflex-provoking power"
      - Tone :musical_note:
    - - "stimulus that evokes a reflexive
        response without conditioning"
      - Eg. Presentation of Food :shallow_pan_of_food:
    - - "response elicited by UCS
        without prior learning"
      - Salivation :drooling_face:
    - - "pairing of NS with UCS in
        order to elicit CR with CS"
      - Neutral stimulus becomes
        a conditioned stimulus
      - Timing
        
        CS should predict UCS
    - - "previously neutral stimulus that becomes
        able to elicit conditioned response"
      - McDonald's logo inducing hunger
    - - "response elicited by previously neutral stimulus
        that has become associated with UCS"
    - - "weakening of CR when CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of UCS"
        
        when CS no longer predicts UCS,
        CR becomes extinct
    - - "Unexpected reappearance of an extinguished CR after extinction and a prolonged period without exposure to the CS"
      - CR always reappears at a lower intensity
    - - extension of learned response to stimuli
        similar to the CS
      - Person bitten by a dog may be
        indiscriminately scared of all dogs
    - - Little Albert not showing fear towards
        long hair despite similarities with furry animals
      - differentiating a brand from its competitiors
    - - Experiment conducted by John Watson
        and Rosalie Rayner
      - Demonstrated that fear can
        be classically conditioned
    - - Celebrity (UCS) + brand (NS/CS) --> positive emotion (UCR/CR)
    - - Aversive Conditioning
        
        pairing attractive stimulus with unpleasant stimulus to condition repulsive reaction to the attractive stimuli
        
        pairing alcohol with nausea-inducing drugs
      - Exposure Therapy
        
        pairing anxiety-inducing stimulus with an attractive stimulus to condition positive emotional responses
        
        helps to reduce negative emotional responses
      - "using classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviour"
    - - Taste Aversion
        
        Rats readily learned to associate flavoured water with illness but not flavoured water with shock
        
        inborn bias to certain associations and resistance to other UCS-CS combinations
        
        Can develop with a single
        bad experience
      - Instinctive Drift
        
        tendency to revert to "instinctive" behaviour after learning a new behaviour
  - - - learning by trial and error
      - behaviours leading to desirable effects were "stamped into the mind" and vice versa
      - Edward Thorndike
    - - Positive Reinforcement :heavy_plus_sign:
        
        Adding :heavy_plus_sign: an attractive :sparkles: stimulus to
        increase likelihood of response occurring again
      - Negative Reinforcement :heavy_minus_sign:
        
        Removing :heavy_minus_sign: an aversive :poop: stimulus following a response
        
        Taking panadol to relieve headaches :pill:
        
        Buckling to stop the seat-belt sound
      - Primary Reinforcers
        
        stimuli that fulfill basic biological needs intrinsically reinforcing to fulfil innate needs or desires
      - Secondary Reinforcers
        
        stimulus with no inherent value that acquire reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcers
      - Premack Principle
        
        "using a preferred activity to reinforce a less-preferred activity"
        
        Eg. Can only play games after tidying room
      - Reinforcement Contingencies
        
        Continuous Reinforcement
        
        Shaping
        
        "use of reinforcement to encourage
        better approximations of the desired behaviour"
        
        learning a new instrument
        
        Extinction occurs rapidly when
        reinforcement is discontinued
        
        Effectiveness drops with
        missed reinforcement or satiation
        
        "reinforcing every correct response"
        
        Effective in initial stages of
        learning a new behaviour
        
        Intermittent Reinforcement
        
        Efficient in maintaining
        learnt behaviours
        
        Resistant to extinction
        
        Learning of new behaviours is slower :snail:
        
        Schedule types
        
        Fixed Ratio
        
        introduces reinforcement after a
        fixed, number of responses
        
        getting a free pizza :pizza:
        after buying ten pizzas :pizza:
        
        keeps you going back to
        the same place for pizza
        
        high response rate
        
        least resistant to extinction
        
        Variable Ratio
        
        introduces reinforcement after a
        variable, number of responses
        
        Eg. Slot machine payouts :slot_machine:
        
        highest response rate
        
        highest resistance to extinction
        
        Fixed Interval
        
        reinforcement given after a
        fixed period of time
        
        Eg. studying for weekly quizzes :100:
        
        low response rate
        
        least resistant to extinction
        
        Variable Interval
        
        reinforcement given after
        variable periods of time
        
        waiting for traffic light
        to turn green :vertical_traffic_light:
        
        some people may press
        button multiple times
        
        high resistance to extinction
        
        moderate response rate
        
        "reinforcing some but not
        all correct responses"
        
        Extinction
        
        "when learnt responses are weakened by the absence of reinforcement"
      - Stimuli that follow and strengthen :muscle: responses
    - - Positive :heavy_plus_sign:
        
        Adding :heavy_plus_sign: an aversive stimulus :poop: after a response
      - Negative :heavy_minus_sign:
        
        Removing :heavy_minus_sign: an attractive stimulus :sparkles: after a response
      - Problems
        
        May model aggression
        
        Does not promote alternative
        acceptable behaviour
        
        Has to be administered
        consistently to be effective
        
        Not feasible to administer
        punishment consistently
        
        Intermittent punishment can have opposite
        effect of rewarding the behaviour when punishment is missed
        
        Learner may become fearful
        or apprehensive
        
        Inhibits learning new behaviours
        
        May result in learned helplessness
        or depression
      - aversive consequence that occurs after a response and weakens it
      - Effective Punishments
        
        Swift
        
        Logical consequence of behaviour
        
        Consistently administered
        
        Negative punishment
        
        limited in duration and intensity
    - - "process by which learnt response is
        weakened by withholding reinforcement"
    - - "tendency of an organism's innate responses to interfere with learned behaviour"
      - Eg. Pigs rooting tokens with their snouts instead of depositing them into piggy banks
- - - - Background noise of
        air con
      - Forgetting your glasses
        are on your head
      - Not feeling the shoes
        you wear
  - - - Advertisements
      - Songs we have heard
        multiple times