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Berenice Cardenas Period.1 Integumentary - Coggle Diagram
Berenice Cardenas Period.1 Integumentary
Major Functions of the Skin
Skin and Body Temperature
Necessary for maintaining metabolic reactions
Hypothalamus incharged of controlling regulation
Barrier for internal environments and external environments, skin acts as a barrier
Inflammation
Usual response to injury, blood vessels dilate
Redness (vasodilation)
Heat (blood accumulating)
Swelling (fluids leaving blood to go into tissue spaces, edema)
Wounds Healing
Blood clot forms over area
Blood clot tries and develops into a scab
Scab develops extensive collagen fibers and forms scar
Skin Cancer & ABCD rule
Skin cancer is an abnormal growth on the skin
Basal Cell Carcinoma
- Most common, lowest fatality rate, usually treated with surgery. Occurs because stratum basal cells invade parts of the dermis and the hypodermis
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Second most common skin cancer and treated with chemotherapy/surgery.
Melanoma
-Most dangerous because of its resistance to chemotherapy. Treated with surgery and immunotherapy
The ABCD rule is used to distinguish cancer characteristics
A
- Asymmetry, when the areas pigment doesn't match surrounding areas
B
- Border irregularity
C
- Color change
D
- Diameter, larger than 6 millimeters is concerning
Burn Degrees & Rule of Nines
Burn degrees are based on severity
First degree-
The epidermis is damaged, no major harm done area is just red and swollen
Second degree-
Epidermis and dermis is damaged, blisters form because of the damage
Third degree-
The entire skin is damaged, nerve endings are destroyed, skin appears charred
Rule of 9's is used to calculate how much of the skin got burned, the body is divided into sections
Accessory Organs
Nails
Protective coverings over the ends of fingers and toes
Made up of keratin
Consists of the free edge, nail plate, root, nail bed, lanula, nail matrix, and the later nail fold
Hair
Made up of dead keratinized skin cells
Hair can be found all over the body except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of the external genitalia
Consists of the hair follicule, hair root, hair bulb, and hair shaft
Glands
Sebaceous glands-
Are associated with hair follicles, and secretes sebum which protects and moisturizes the hair shaft
Eccrine glands
- responds to body temperature, found on forehead, neck, and back
Apocrine glands
- Become active during puberty, responds to fear/emotional upsets, and sexual arousals, and can be found in the axilla & groin
Disorders associated with the skin
Acne
- Small bumps on the skin caused by inflammation of sabaceous glands
Stretch Marks
- Skin stretching due to rapid growth or weightloss
Bruises
- clotted blood underneath appearing blue, green, and or black
Jaundice
- Yellow hue due to liver issues
Cyanosis-
Blue hue indicating low oxygenation
Layers of the Skin
Dermis
Layer underneath epidermis
Made up of connective tissue (fibrous & vascular)
Layers of the Dermis
Papillary
- Superficial layer of areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and collagen elastic fibers
Reticular
- Makes up 80 percent of the dermis's thickness, and can stretch because of its connective tissue ( dense fibrous)
Sub-Cutaneous layer (hypodermis)
Not a main layer
Contains adipose tissue and sweat glands
Epidermis
Top layer and thinnest layer
First layer of defense
Consists of epithelial tissue
Composed of 5 layers
Stratum Basale
- Deepest layer, is connected to the dermis, made up of a single row of cells (constantly divide)
Stratum Spinosum-
Many layers (very thick), keratinocytes are found in this layer, appear pointy
Stratum Granulosum
- Appears thin because the cells are flat, is about 4-6 layers thick
Stratum Lucidum
- Located in thick skin, consists of 2-3 rows of keratinocytes, most are flat and dead
Stratum Corneum- Rows of dead flat keratinized cells, about 20-30 rows, makes up about 3/4 of the epidermis and its thickness
There is two dividing layers